Anthropocene Antarctica: Perspectives from the Humanities, Law and Social Sciences PDF
Preview Anthropocene Antarctica: Perspectives from the Humanities, Law and Social Sciences
Anthropocene Antarctica Anthropocene Antarctica offers new ways of thinking about the ‘Continent for Science and Peace’ in a time of planetary environmental change. In the Anthropocene, Antarctica has become central to the Earth’s future. Ice cores taken from its interior reveal the deep environmental history of the planet and warming ocean currents are ominously destabilising the glaciers around its edges, presaging sea-level rise in decades and centuries to come. At the same time, proliferating research stations and tourist numbers challenge stereotypes of the continent as the ‘last wilderness.’ The Anthropocene brings Antarctica nearer in thought, entangled with our everyday actions. If the Anthropocene signals the end of the idea of Nature as separate from humans, then the Antarctic, long considered the material embodiment of this idea, faces a radical reframing. Understanding the southern polar region in the twenty-first century requires contributions across the disciplinary spectrum. This collection paves the way for researchers in the Environmental Humanities, Law and Social Sciences to engage critically with the Antarctic, fostering a community of scholars who can act with natural scientists to address the globally significant environmental issues that face this vitally important part of the planet. Elizabeth Leane is Professor of English at the School of Humanities/Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania. Jeffrey McGee is Senior Lecturer in Climate Change, Marine and Antarctic Law at the Faculty of Law/Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Uni- versity of Tasmania. Routledge Environmental Humanities Series editors: Scott Slovic (University of Idaho, USA), Joni Adamson (Arizona State University, USA)and YukiMasami(Kanazawa University, Japan) Editorial Board ChristinaAlt,StAndrewsUniversity, UK Alison Bashford,Universityof NewSouth Wales,Australia PeterCoates,Universityof Bristol,UK Thomvan Dooren,Universityof NewSouthWales,Australia Georgina Endfield,Liverpool, UK JodiFrawley,University ofWestern Australia,Australia AndreaGaynor,TheUniversity ofWesternAustralia, Australia ChristinaGerhardt,University ofHawai’iatMa-noa,USA TomLynch,University ofNebraska,Lincoln, USA Iain McCalman,University ofSydney,Australia Jennifer Newell,Australian Museum,Sydney,Australia SimonPooley,ImperialCollege London,UK SandraSwart,Stellenbosch University, South Africa AnnWaltner,Universityof Minnesota,US JessicaWeir,UniversityofWestern Sydney,Australia International Advisory Board WilliamBeinart,University ofOxford, UK JaneCarruthers,University ofSouth Africa,Pretoria,South Africa DipeshChakrabarty,University ofChicago, USA PaulHolm,TrinityCollege,Dublin, Republicof Ireland ShenHou,RenminUniversityof China,Beijing,China RobNixon,Princeton University, Princeton NJ,USA Pauline Phemister,Instituteof AdvancedStudiesintheHumanities, University ofEdinburgh,UK Sverker Sorlin,KTHEnvironmental Humanities Laboratory, RoyalInstituteof Technology, Stockholm,Sweden HelmuthTrischler,DeutschesMuseum,Munich andCo-Director, RachelCarson Centre,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Germany MaryEvelyn Tucker,Yale University, USA KirstenWehner,University ofLondon,UK The Routledge Environmental Humanities series is an original and inspiring venture recognising thattoday’sworldagriculturalandwatercrises,oceanpollutionandresourcedepletion,global warming from greenhouse gases, urban sprawl, overpopulation, food insecurity and environ- mentaljusticeareallcrisesofculture. The reality of understanding and finding adaptive solutions to our present and future environmental challenges has shifted the epicenter of environmental studies away from an exclusivelyscientificandtechnologicalframeworktoonethatdependsonthehuman-focused disciplinesandideasofthehumanitiesandalliedsocialsciences. Wethuswelcomebookproposalsfromallhumanitiesandsocialsciencesdisciplinesfor an inclusive and interdisciplinary series. We favour manuscripts aimed at an international readershipandwritteninalivelyandaccessiblestyle.Thereadershipcomprisesscholarsand studentsfromthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesandthoughtfulreadersconcernedaboutthe humandimensionsofenvironmental change. Anthropocene Antarctica Perspectives from the Humanities, Law and Social Sciences Edited by ff Elizabeth Leane and Je rey McGee Firstpublished2020 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 52VanderbiltAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2020selectionandeditorialmatter,ElizabethLeaneandJeffreyMcGee; individualchapters,thecontributors TherightofElizabethLeaneandJeffreyMcGeetobeidentifiedasthe authorsoftheeditorialmaterial,andoftheauthorsfortheirindividual chapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections77and78ofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithout intenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook ISBN:978-1-138-36759-3(hbk) ISBN:978-0-429-42970-5(ebk) TypesetinBembo byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of illustrations vii Acknowledgements viii List of contributors ix Foreword xi 1 Anthropocene Antarctica: Approaches, issues and debates 1 ELIZABETHLEANEANDJEFFREYMCGEE PART 1 Governance and geopolitics 15 2 Governing Antarctica in the Anthropocene 17 TIMSTEPHENS 3 Subglacial nationalisms 33 ALAND.HEMMINGS 4 Frozen Eden lost? Exploring discourses of geoengineering Antarctica 56 JEFFREYMCGEE 5 The Anthropocene melt: Antarctica’s geologic politics 73 JUANFRANCISCOSALAZAR PART 2 Cultural texts and representations 85 6 Ice and the ecothriller: Popular representations of Antarctica in the Anthropocene 87 ELIZABETHLEANE vi Contents 7 Listening ‘at the sea ice edge’: Compositions based on soundscape recordings made in Antarctica 101 CAROLYNPHILPOTT 8 Save the penguins: Antarctic advertising and the PR of protection 117 HANNENIELSEN PART 3 Inhabitations and place 133 9 Indigenising the heroic era of Antarctic exploration 135 BENMADDISON 10 Populating Antarctica: Chilean families in the frozen continent 156 NELSONLLANOS 11 Placing the past: The McMurdo Dry Valleys and the problem of geographical specificity in Antarctic history 172 ADRIANHOWKINS PART 4 Conclusion 185 12 Antarctica looking forward: Four themes 187 JEFFREYMCGEEANDELIZABETHLEANE Index 190 Illustrations Figures 3.1 Ice core drill sites 39 7.1 Douglas Quin recording Weddell seals in Antarctica 104 7.2 Philip Samartzis in ‘Iceberg Alley’, Antarctica, March 2010 109 8.1 Collapse of the Larsen B Ice Shelf, 2002 118 8.2 Penguin advertisement relating to CFC-free aerosols, 1988/1989 125 9.1 Persen Savio and Ole Must 136 9.2 Shinkichi Hanamori and Yasanosuke Yamabe, wearing Karafuto dog fur suits, and holding Karafuto dogs. First published in 1910 in the magazine Tanken Sekai 139 9.3 Ole Must collecting penguin eggs at Ridley Beach, Cape Adare, Antarctica, November 1899 142 9.4 Persen Savio in traditional garb on skis, Cape Adare Antarctica 1898–1900 144 9.5 Carsten Borchgrevink using Sami ski technique, c. 1900 145 9.6 ‘Practice on Skis, Ross Island’, E. Shackleton, 1902 146 11.1 Map of McMurdo Dry Valleys Antarctic Specially Managed Area (ASMA No. 2) 181 Box 3.1 Bases for Antarctic nationalism 38 Acknowledgements The editors wish to acknowledge the generous support for this project provided bytheUniversityofTasmania,especiallytheCollegeofArts,LawandEducation, the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and the Marine, Antarctic and MaritimeResearchTheme;andtheHumanitiesandSocialSciencesExpertGroup andHistoryExpertGroupoftheScientificCommitteeofAntarcticResearch.All provided funding and/or in-kind support towards a 2017 conference which was the initial impetus for this collection. The editors also wish to acknowledge the generoussupportoftheAustralianResearchCouncil,whichhasfundedProfessor Leane’s Future Fellowship (FT120100402) over recent years. However, none of thesegroupshaveresponsibilityfortheideasexpressedinthecollection. The editors express special thanks to our outstanding research assistant Dr Jac- quelineFox,whoseexcellentworkandcollegialitywereinvaluableduringthelater stages of preparation of this collection. Many thanks also to Julia Pollacco from TaylorandFrancisforhersupportandunderstandingduringwritingandproduction of this volume, to Kristina Wischenkamper for her careful copy-editing, and to EdwardGibbonsforsteeringusthroughtheproductionstage. Elizabeth Leane is grateful to Damian, Zac and Tessa for their unswerving support and encouragement while this collection was being put together. Jef- frey McGee wishes to thank his wife Maree and sons Connor, Lucas and Declan for their understanding of his family absences during the many week- ends and late nights needed to produce this collection. Contributors Professor Sanjay Chaturvedi is Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of International Relations, South Asian University, New Delhi. He specialises in theories and practices of Geopolitics and IR, with special reference to Polar Regions and the Indian Ocean Region. Professor Cha- turvedi is also the Regional Editor of The Polar Journal (Routledge) and Member, International Executive Committee (ex officio) of the SCAR Antarctic Humanities and Social Sciences Expert Group (Geopolitics). Dr Alan D. Hemmings is a self-employed Polar Specialist and an Adjunct Associate Professor at Gateway Antarctica Centre for Antarctic Studies and Research at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand. His research and publications focus particularly on the geopolitics and gov- ernance of the Antarctic and the ‘Greater Southern Ocean’. Adrian Howkins teaches environmental history at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. His research focuses on the history of the Polar Regions, and he is currently working on an environmental history of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. He is a co-PI on the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research site, and would like to acknowl- edge the support from the National Science Foundation (grants 1637708 and 1443475), which made possible the research for this chapter. Elizabeth Leane is Professor of English at the University of Tasmania, where she holds an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship split between theInstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudiesandtheSchool ofHumanities. She is a chief officer of the Standing Committee on Humanities and Social Sciences (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) and is the Arts and Culture editor of The Polar Journal. Her publications include South Pole: Nature and Culture (Reaktion Books, 2016) and Antarctica in Fiction (Cam- bridge University Press, 2012). Nelson Llanos is a Master of International Relations and Professor of Con- temporary History at Playa Ancha University in Valparaíso, Chile. He is a member of the Latin American Antarctic Historians Association and Direc- tor of the Hemispheric and Polar Studies Centre, Viña del Mar, Chile.
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