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The Rise of Modern Philosophy This page intentionally left blank A NEW HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY volume iii The Rise of Modern Philosophy anthony kenny (cid:1) CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein OxfordNewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto WithoYcesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)SirAnthonyKenny2006 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2006 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN0–19–875277–6 978–0–19–875277–6 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS List of Contents vii Map x Introduction xi 1. Sixteenth-Century Philosophy 1 2. Descartes to Berkeley 33 3. Hume to Hegel 80 4. Knowledge 117 5. Physics 165 6. Metaphysics 181 7. Mind and Soul 212 8. Ethics 246 9. Political Philosophy 273 10. God 303 Chronology 332 List of Abbreviations and Conventions 333 Bibliography 337 List of Illustrations 344 Index 347 This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Map x Introduction xi 1. Sixteenth-Century Philosophy 1 Humanism and Reform 1 Sin, Grace, and Freedom 5 Authority and Conscience 7 The Decline of Logic 11 Scepticism, Sacred and Profane 13 Counter-Reformation Philosophy 16 Giordano Bruno 20 Galileo 22 Bacon 26 2. Descartes to Berkeley 33 Descartes 33 Hobbes 41 The Cambridge Platonists 47 Locke 49 Pascal 53 Malebranche 58 Spinoza 61 Leibniz 70 Berkeley 76 3. Hume to Hegel 80 Hume 80 Smith and Reid 86 The Enlightenment 90 Rousseau 93 WolV and Lessing 97 Kant 100 Fichte and Schelling 108 Hegel 111 CONTENTS 4. Knowledge 117 Montaigne’s Scepticism 117 Descartes’ Response 119 Cartesian Consciousness 121 The Empiricism of Hobbes 127 Locke’s Ideas 131 Spinoza on Degrees of Knowledge 137 The Epistemology of Leibniz 142 Berkeley on Qualities and Ideas 146 Hume on Ideas and Impressions 151 Kant’s Synthetic a priori 156 Realism vs Idealism 160 Idealist Epistemology 163 5. Physics 165 Natural Philosophy 165 Cartesian Physics 169 The Atomism of Gassendi 172 Newton 173 The Labyrinth of the Continuum 174 Kant’s Antinomies 177 6. Metaphysics 181 The Metaphysics of Suarez 181 Descartes on Eternal Truths 184 Three Notions of Substance 187 Single Necessary Substance 190 Making Room for Contingency 193 Berkeley’s Idealism 199 Hume on Causation 204 The Response of Kant 207 7. Mind and Soul 212 Descartes on Mind 212 Dualism and its Discontents 216 Determinism, Freedom, and Compatibilism 219 Locke on Personal Identity 223 The Soul as the Idea of the Body in Spinoza 227 viii CONTENTS Leibniz’s Monadology 231 Berkeley and Hume on Spirits and Selves 235 Kant’s Anatomy of the Mind 240 8. Ethics 246 Casuistry 247 Mysticism and Stoicism 251 Pascal against the Jesuits 253 Spinoza’s Ethical System 258 Hume on Reason, Passion, and Virtue 261 Kant on Morality, Duty, and Law 264 Hegel’s Ethical Synthesis 267 9. Political Philosophy 273 Machiavelli’s Prince 273 More’s Utopia 275 Just and Unjust Wars 281 Hobbes on Chaos and Sovereignty 283 Spinoza’s Political Determinism 289 Locke on Civil Government 290 Montesquieu on Law 293 Rousseau and the General Will 295 Hegel on the Nation-State 300 10. God 303 Molina on Omniscience and Freedom 303 Descartes’ Rational Theology 305 Pascal and Spinoza on God 308 The Optimism of Leibniz 312 The God of Berkeley 315 Hume on Religion 317 Kant’s Theological Dialectic 323 The Absolute of Hegel 329 Chronology 332 List of Abbreviations and Conventions 333 Bibliography 337 List of Illustrations 344 Index 347 ix
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