Table Of Content

ANTENNAS FOR PORTABLE DEVICES Zhi Ning Chen Institute for Infocomm Research Singapore ANTENNAS FOR PORTABLE DEVICES ANTENNAS FOR PORTABLE DEVICES Zhi Ning Chen Institute for Infocomm Research Singapore Copyright©2007 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussex,PO198SQ,England Telephone (cid:2)+44(cid:3)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunder thetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingof thePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,oremailedto [email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770571. 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OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,ONT,L5R4J3Canada AnniversaryLogoDesign:RichardJ.Pacifico AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-470-03073-8 Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestryinwhich atleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgements xi ListofContributors xiii 1 Introduction 1 Zhi Ning Chen References 7 2 HandsetAntennas 9 Brian S. Collins 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 PerformanceRequirements 11 2.3 ElectricallySmallAntennas 14 2.4 ClassesofHandsetAntennas 18 2.5 TheQuestforEfficiencyandExtendedBandwidth 20 2.5.1 HandsetGeometries 21 2.5.2 AntennaPositionintheHandset 21 2.5.3 TheEffectoftheUser 23 2.5.4 AntennaVolume 24 2.5.5 ImpedanceBehaviorofaTypicalAntennaintheLowBand 24 2.5.6 FieldsandCurrentsonHandsets 27 2.5.7 ManagingtheLength–BandwidthRelationship 29 2.5.8 TheEffectonRFEfficiencyofOtherComponentsoftheHandset 35 2.5.9 SpecificAbsorptionRate 38 2.5.10 HearingAidCompliance 39 2.5.11 EconomicConsiderations 39 2.6 PracticalDesign 40 2.6.1 Simulations 40 2.6.2 MaterialsandConstruction 41 2.6.3 Recycling 41 2.6.4 BuildingthePrototype 41 2.6.5 Measurement 42 2.6.6 DesignOptimization 44 vi Contents 2.7 StartingPointsforDesignandOptimization 44 2.7.1 ExternalAntennas 45 2.7.2 BalancedAntennas 47 2.7.3 AntennasforOtherServices 48 2.7.4 Dual-AntennaInterferenceCancellation 49 2.7.5 MultipleInput,MultipleOutput 49 2.7.6 AntennasforLower-FrequencyBands–TVandRadioServices 50 2.8 TheRFPerformanceofTypicalHandsets 52 2.9 Conclusion 55 References 55 3 RFIDTagAntennas 59 Xianming Qing and Zhi Ning Chen 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 RFIDFundamentals 60 3.2.1 RFIDSystemConfiguration 60 3.2.2 ClassificationofRFIDSystems 62 3.2.3 PrinciplesofOperation 65 3.2.4 Frequencies,RegulationsandStandardization 67 3.3 DesignConsiderationsforRFIDTagAntennas 71 3.3.1 Near-fieldRFIDTagAntennas 73 3.3.2 Far-fieldRFIDTagAntennas 80 3.4 EffectofEnvironmentonRFIDTagAntennas 97 3.4.1 Near-fieldTags 98 3.4.2 Far-fieldTags 100 3.4.3 CaseStudy 106 3.5 Summary 109 References 109 4 LaptopAntennaDesignandEvaluation 113 Duixian Liu and Brian Gaucher 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Laptop-RelatedAntennaIssues 114 4.2.1 TypicalLaptopDisplayConstruction 114 4.2.2 PossibleAntennasforLaptopApplications 115 4.2.3 MechanicalandIndustrialDesignRestrictions 116 4.2.4 LCDSurfaceTreatmentinSimulations 118 4.2.5 AntennaOrientationinDisplay 119 4.2.6 TheDifferencebetweenLaptopandCellphoneAntennas 120 4.2.7 AntennaLocationEvaluations 122 4.3 AntennaDesignMethodology 124 4.3.1 Modeling 125 4.3.2 Cut-and-Try 125 4.3.3 Measurements 125 4.4 PCCardAntennaPerformanceandEvaluation 127 4.5 LinkBudgetModel 129 4.6 AnINFAntennaImplementation 131 4.7 IntegratedandPCCardSolutionsComparison 133 Contents vii 4.8 DualbandExamples 134 4.8.1 AnInverted-FAntennawithCoupledElements 135 4.8.2 ADualbandPCBAntennawithCoupledFloatingElements 138 4.8.3 ALoopRelatedDualbandAntenna 142 4.9 RemarksonWLANAntennaDesignandEvaluations 148 4.10 AntennasforWirelessWideAreaNetworkApplications 148 4.10.1 INFAntennaHeightEffectsonBandwidth 149 4.10.2 AWWANDualbandExample 152 4.11 Ultra-WideBandAntennas 157 4.11.1 DescriptionoftheUWBAntenna 159 4.11.2 UWBAntennaMeasurementResults 163 References 164 5 AntennaIssuesinMicrowaveThermalTherapies 169 Koichi Ito and Kazuyuki Saito 5.1 MicrowaveThermalTherapies 169 5.1.1 Introduction 169 5.1.2 ClassificationbyTherapeuticTemperature 169 5.1.3 HeatingSchemes 170 5.2 InterstitialMicrowaveHyperthermia 171 5.2.1 IntroductionandRequirements 171 5.2.2 Coaxial-SlotAntenna 173 5.2.3 NumericalCalculation 173 5.2.4 PerformanceoftheCoaxial-SlotAntenna 177 5.2.5 TemperatureDistributionsAroundtheAntennas 180 5.3 ClinicalTrials 183 5.3.1 Equipment 183 5.3.2 TreatmentbyUseofaSingleAntenna 183 5.3.3 TreatmentbyUseofanArrayApplicator 185 5.3.4 ResultsoftheTreatment 187 5.4 OtherApplications 189 5.4.1 TreatmentofBrainTumors 189 5.4.2 IntracavitaryMicrowaveHyperthermiaforBileDuctCarcinoma 189 5.5 Summary 194 References 195 6 AntennasforWearableDevices 197 Akram Alomainy, Yang Hao and Frank Pasveer 6.1 Introduction 197 6.1.1 WirelessBodyAreaNetworks 198 6.1.2 AntennaDesignRequirementsforWirelessBAN/PAN 199 6.2 ModellingandCharacterizationofWearableAntennas 204 6.2.1 WearableAntennasforBANs/PANs 204 6.2.2 UWBWearableAntennas 209 6.3 WBANRadioChannelCharacterizationandEffectofWearableAntennas 213 6.3.1 RadioPropagationMeasurementforWBANs 214 6.3.2 PropagationChannelCharacteristics 214 6.4 CaseStudy:ACompactWearableAntennaforHealthcareSensors 218 6.4.1 ApplicationRequirements 218 6.4.2 TheoreticalAntennaConsiderations 218