Antennas And Wave Propagation (Sie) 4E

868 Pages·2010·14.021 MB·English

by  Kraus

ANTENNAS
AND
WAVE PROPAGATION
Fourth Edition
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page i — #1
About the Authors
John D Kraus
TaineG.McDougalChairProfessorofElectricalEngineering
andAstronomy,Emeritus,OhioStateUniversity
Ronald J Marhefka
SeniorResearchScientist/AdjunctProfessorofElectricalEngineering,
TheOhioStateUniversityElectroScienceLaboratory
withchapterson:
FrequencySelectiveSurfaces,PeriodicStructuresandBaluns,etc.
byBen A Munk
ProfessorofElectricalEngineering,ElectroScienceLaboratory,OhioStateUniversity
AntennaMeasurements
byArto Lehto and Perttl Valnlkalnen
ProfessorsofElectricalEngineering,HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology
Sectionson
Self-impedance,RCSandMutualImpedanceofShortDipolesbytheMethodofMoments
byEdward H Newman
ProfessorofElectricalEngineering,ElectroScienceLaboratory,OhioStateUniversity
TerahertzLensandWaveguideStructures
byChristopher Walker
ProfessorofAstronomy,UniversityofArizona
AntennasforTerrestrialMobileCommunicationSystems
byPertti Vainikainen
ProfessorofElectricalEngineering,HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology
Indianadaptationisauthoredby
Ahmad Shahid Khan
FormerProfessorandChairman,DepartmentofElectronicsEngineering,
AligarhMuslimUniversity,Aligarh
Prof. Khan has more than 38 years of teaching and research experience. His interests include Antennas,
Electromagnetictheory,MicrowavesandRadars.Hehaspublished23researchpapersininternational/national
journalsandconferenceproceedings.HeisafellowoftheInstitutionofElectronicsandTelecommunication
Engineers(India)andamemberofseveralotherreputedprofessionalsocieties.Duringhisprofessionalcareer
heservedasRegistrar,AMUAligarh;Director,IIMTMeerutandDirector,VCTMAligarh.Heiscurrently
workingasProfessor,attheInstituteofManagementStudies(IMS),Ghaziabad.HealsoservedasProfessor,
KrishnaInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology(KIET),Ghaziabad.
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page ii — #2
ANTENNAS
AND
WAVE PROPAGATION
Fourth Edition
JohnDKraus
RonaldJMarhefka
AhmadSKhan
Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited
NEWDELHI
McGraw-HillOffices
NewDelhi NewYork StLouis SanFrancisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas
KualaLumpur Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan Montreal
SanJuan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page iii — #3
Tata McGraw Hill
SpecialIndianEdition2010,2006
PublishedbytheTataMcGrawHillEducationPrivateLimited,
7WestPatelNagar,NewDelhi110008.
AntennasandWavePropagation,4e
SalesTerritories:India,Pakistan,Nepal,Bangladesh,SriLankaandBhutan.
Copyright©2002,1988,1950bytheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmay
bereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withouttheprior
writtenconsentofthepublishersincluding,butnotlimitedto,inanynetworkorotherelectronicstorageortransmission
onbroadcastfordistancelearning.
ThiseditioncanbeexportedfromIndiaonlybythepublishers,
TataMcGrawHillEducationPrivateLimited.
ISBN(13):987-0-07-067155-3
ISBN(10):0-07-067155-9
ManagingDirector:AjayShukla
Head—HigherEducationPublishing:VibhaMahajan
Manager:Sponsoring—SEM&Tech.Ed.:ShaliniJha
Assoc.SponsoringEditor:SumanSen
DevelopmentEditor:ManishChoudhary
Executive—EditorialServices:SohiniMukherjee
Sr.ProductionManager:PLPandita
GeneralManager:Marketing—HigherEducation:MichaelJ.Cruz
Dy.MarketingManager:SEM&Tech.Ed.:BijuGanesan
Asst.ProductManager:SEM&Tech.Ed.:AmitParanjpe
GeneralManager—Production:RajenderPGhansela
Asst.GeneralManager—Production:BLDogra
InformationcontainedinthisworkhasbeenobtainedbyTataMcGrawHill,fromsourcesbelievedtobereliable.
However, neither Tata McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information
publishedherein, andneitherTataMcGrawHillnoritsauthorsshallberesponsibleforanyerrors, omissions, or
damagesarisingoutofuseofthisinformation.ThisworkispublishedwiththeunderstandingthatTataMcGrawHill
anditsauthorsaresupplyinginformationbutarenotattemptingtorenderengineeringorotherprofessionalservices.
Ifsuchservicesarerequired,theassistanceofanappropriateprofessionalshouldbesought.
Typeset at Tulyasys Technologies, No. 1 Arulananthammal Nagar, Thanjavur - 613007, and printed at Gopal Jee
Enterprises,190/5,MainRoad,Maujpur,Delhi110053.
CoverPrinter:Rashtriya
RYZLCRXZDRQAQ
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page iv — #4
Contents
PrefacetotheAdaptedFourthEdition xix
PrefacetotheThirdEdition xxii
1. Introduction 1
1–1 Introduction 1
1–2 DimensionsandUnits 2
1–3 FundamentalandSecondaryUnits 3
1–4 HowtoReadtheSymbolsandNotation 3
1–5 EquationandProblemNumbering 4
1–6 DimensionalAnalysis 4
1–7 TheElectromagneticSpectrumandRadioFrequencyBand 6
References 7
2. AntennaBasics 8
2–1 Introduction 8
2–2 BasicAntennaParameters 9
2–3 Patterns 11
2–4 BeamArea(orBeamSolidAngle)(cid:2)A 15
2–5 RadiationIntensity 18
2–6 BeamEfficiency 18
2–7 DirectivityDandGainG 18
2–8 DirectivityandResolution 22
2–9 AntennaApertures 23
2–10 EffectiveHeight 25
2–11 TheRadioCommunicationLink 30
2–12 FieldsfromOscillatingDipole 31
2–13 AntennaFieldZones 33
2–14 Shape-impedanceConsiderations 35
2–15 Linear,EllipticalandCircularPolarization 37
2–16 PoyntingVectorforEllipticallyandCircularlyPolarizedWaves 40
2–17 ThePolarizationEllipseandthePoincaréSphere 41
2–18 Signal-to-noiseRatio(SNR) 44
2–19 AntennaTemperature 44
2–20 AntennaImpedance 45
2–21 Front-to-backRatio 45
2–22 AntennaTheorems 45
References 48
Problems 49
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page v — #5
vi Contents
3. The AntennaFamily 53
3–1 Introduction 53
3–2 MembersoftheAntennaFamily 53
3–2a PointSource 53
3–2b Dipole/Monopole 54
3–2c WireAntennas 54
3–2d LoopAntennas 54
3–2e SlotAntennas 55
3–2f HornAntennas 55
3–2g PatchAntennas 55
3–2h ReflectorAntennas 55
3–2i LensAntennas 56
3–2j HelicalAntennas 56
3–2k WideBandAntennas 56
3–2l AntennaArrays 57
3–3 Loops,DipolesandSlots 57
3–4 Opened-OutCoaxial-LineAntennas 59
3–5 Opened-Out2-Conductor(Twin-Line)Antennas 60
3–6 Opened-OutWaveguideAntennas(ApertureTypes) 61
3–7 Flat-SheetReflectorAntennas 62
3–8 ParabolicDishandDielectricLensAntennas 63
3–9 End-FireAntennas 64
3–10 BroadBandwidthAntennas:TheConicalSpiralandtheLog-Periodic 65
3–11 ThePatchAntenna,PatchArray,andtheGridArray 66
References 68
Problems 68
4. Radiation 69
4–1 Introduction 69
4–2 BasicMaxwell’sEquations 69
4–3 Retarded(TimeVarying)Potential 70
4–4 FarFieldduetoanAlternatingCurrentElement(OscillatingDipole) 73
4–4a ElectrostaticField 76
4–4b InductionField 77
4–4c HertzianDipole 77
4–5 PowerRadiatedbyaCurrentElement 78
4–6 FarFieldduetoSinusoidalCurrentDistribution 80
4–7 NearFarFieldduetoSinusoidalCurrentDistribution 82
Problems 85
5. Point Sources and Their Arrays 86
5–1 Introduction 86
5–2 PointSourceDefined 86
5–3 PowerPatterns 87
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page vi — #6
Contents vii
5–4 APowerTheoremanditsApplicationtoanIsotropicSource 89
5–5 RadiationIntensity 89
5–6 ExamplesofPowerPatterns 90
5–7 FieldPatterns 95
5–8 PhasePatterns 98
5–9 ArraysofTwoIsotropicPointSources 100
5–10 NonisotropicbutSimilarPointSourcesandthePrincipleofPatternMultiplication 107
5–11 ExampleofPatternSynthesisbyPatternMultiplication 110
5–12 NonisotropicandDissimilarPointSources 113
5–13 LinearArraysofnIsotropicPointSourcesofEqualAmplitudeandSpacing 115
5–14 NullDirectionsforArraysofnIsotropicPointSourcesofEqualAmplitudeand
Spacing 122
5–15 LinearBroadsideArrayswithNonuniformAmplitudeDistributions.General
Considerations 125
5–16 LinearArrayswithNonuniformAmplitudeDistributions.TheDolph-Tchebyscheff
OptimumDistribution 128
5–17 ExampleofDolph-Tchebyscheff(D-T)DistributionforanArrayofEightSources 135
5–18 ComparisonofAmplitudeDistributionsforEight-SourceArrays 136
5–19 ContinuousArrays 138
5–20 Huygens’Principle 141
5–21 Huygens’PrincipleAppliedtotheDiffractionofaPlaneWaveIncidentonaFlatSheet.
PhysicalOptics 143
5–22 Rectangular-AreaBroadsideArrays 146
References 148
Problems 149
6. ElectricDipoles,ThinLinearAntennasandArraysofDipolesand
Apertures 156
6–1 Introduction 156
6–2 TheShortElectricDipole 157
6–3 TheFieldsofaShortDipole 157
6–4 RadiationResistanceofShortElectricDipole 164
6–5 TheThinLinearAntenna 167
6–6 RadiationResistanceofλ/2Antenna 171
6–7 RadiationResistanceataPointWhichisnotaCurrentMaximum 172
6–8 TwoHalf-WaveDipoles:BroadsideandEnd-Fire(TheW8JKArray) 173
6–9 FieldsofaThinLinearAntennawithaUniformTravelingWave 176
6–10 ArrayofTwoDrivenλ/2Elements.BroadsideCase 182
6–10a FieldPatterns 182
6–10b Driving-PointImpedance 184
6–10c GaininFieldIntensity 185
6–11 Arrayof2Drivenλ/2Elements.End-FireCase 189
6–11a FieldPatterns 189
6–11b Driving-PointImpedance 191
6–11c GaininFieldIntensity 192
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page vii — #7
viii Contents
6–12 Arrayof2Drivenλ/2Elements.GeneralCasewithEqualCurrentsofAnyPhase
Relation 193
6–13 CloselySpacedElements,RadiatingEfficiencyandQ.TheW8JKArray 197
6–14 ArrayofnDrivenElements 201
6–15 HorizontalAntennasAboveaPlaneGround 202
6–15a Horizontalλ/2AntennaaboveGround 203
6–15b W8JKAntennaaboveGround 208
6–15c StackedHorizontalλ/2AntennasaboveGround 210
6–16 VerticalAntennasAboveaPlaneGround 211
6–17 Yagi-UdaModifications 214
6–17a CircularPolarizationwithaYagi-UdaAntenna 214
6–17b TheLandsdorferShaped-DipoleArray 215
6–18 PhasedArrays 216
6–18a Introduction 216
6–18b PhasedArrayDesigns 217
6–18c RotatableHelixPhasedArray 219
6–19 Frequency-ScanningArrays 221
6–19a Frequency-ScanningLine-FedArray 221
6–19b Frequency-ScanningBackwardAngle-FireGridandChainArrays 222
6–19c GridArraywithBroadsideBeam 224
6–20 AdaptiveArraysandSmartAntennas 224
6–21 Long-WireAntennas 227
6–21a VAntennas 227
6–21b RhombicAntennas 227
6–21c BeverageAntennas 230
6–22 CurtainArrays 232
6–23 LocationandMethodofFeedingAntennas 232
6–24 FoldedDipoleAntennas 232
6–25 ModificationsofFoldedDipoles 235
References 237
Problems 240
7. Loop,SlotandHornAntennas 246
7–1 Introduction 246
7–2 TheSmallLoop 246
7–3 ComparisonofFarFieldsofSmallLoopandShortDipole 248
7–4 TheLoopAntenna.GeneralCase 248
7–5 Far-FieldPatternsofCircularLoopAntennaswithUniformCurrent 250
7–6 TheSmallLoopasaSpecialCase 253
7–7 RadiationResistanceofLoops 253
7–8 DirectivityofCircularLoopAntennaswithUniformCurrent 255
7–9 TableofLoopFormulas 258
7–10 SquareLoops 258
7–11 RadiationEfficiency,Q,BandwidthandSignal-to-NoiseRatio 259
7–12 DirectionFinders 264
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page viii — #8
Contents ix
7–13 SlotAntennas 267
7–14 PatternsofSlotAntennasinFlatSheets.EdgeDiffraction 270
7–15 Babinet’sPrincipleandComplementaryAntennas 273
7–16 TheImpedanceofComplementaryScreens 276
7–17 TheImpedanceofSlotAntennas 278
7–18 SlottedCylinderAntennas 281
7–19 HornAntennas 283
7–20 TheRectangularHornAntenna 286
7–21 BeamwidthComparison 289
7–22 ConicalHornantennas 290
7–23 RidgeHorns 290
7–24 SeptumHorns 291
7–25 CorrugatedHorns 292
7–26 Aperture-MatchedHorn 294
References 294
Problems 295
8. HelicalAntennas 297
8–1 Introduction 297
8–2 TheHelicalBeamAntennaStorybyJohnKraus 297
8–3 HelicalGeometry 303
8–4 TheHelixModes 305
8–5 PracticalDesignConsiderationsfortheMonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntenna 306
8–6 HelicalBeamAntennawithLoopsReplacingtheGroundPlane 317
8–7 DipoleArrayswithParasiticElements 317
8–8 TheYagi-UdaArrayStory 320
8–9 Axial-ModePatternsandthePhaseVelocityofWavePropagationonMonofilarHelices
(Kraus-4) 323
8–10 MonofilarAxial-ModeSingle-TurnPatternsofSquareHelix 329
8–11 CompleteAxial-ModePatternsofMonofilarHelices 331
8–12 AxialRatioandConditionsforCircularPolarizationofMonofilarAxial-ModeHelical
Antennas 333
8–13 WidebandCharacteristicsofMonofilarHelicalAntennasRadiatingintheAxial
Mode 337
8–14 TableofPattern,Beamwidth,Gain,ImpedanceandAxialRatioFormulas 338
8–15 RadiationfromLinearPeriodicStructureswithTravelingWaveswithParticular
ReferencetotheHelixasaPeriodicStructureAntenna 338
8–16 ArraysofMonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennas 347
8–16a ArrayofFourMonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennas 348
8–16b Arrayof96MonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennas 349
8–17 TheMonofilarAxial-ModeHelixasaParasiticElementandPolarizer 349
8–17a Helix-helix 349
8–17b Polyrod-helix 349
8–17c Horn-helix 351
8–17d Corner-helix 351
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page ix — #9
x Contents
8–17e The2-wire-line-helix 352
8–17f Helix-helix 352
8–17g Helixlens 352
8–18 TheMonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennaasaPhaseandFrequencyShifter 352
8–19 LinearPolarizationwithMonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennas 353
8–20 MonofilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennasasFeeds 354
8–21 TaperedandOtherFormsofAxial-ModeHelicalAntennas 355
8–22 MultifilarAxial-ModeHelicalAntennas 357
8–23 MonofilarandMultifilarNormal-ModeHelicalAntennas 358
8–24 Axial-ModeHelixTerminations 361
8–25 AntennaRotationExperiments 362
8–26 BifilarandQuadrifilarAxial-ModeHelices 363
8–27 GeneticAlgorithmFive-SegmentHelixVersusCircularHelix 363
References 365
Problems 367
9. ReflectorAntennas 368
9–1 Introduction 368
9–2 FlatSheetReflectors 369
9–3 CornerReflectors 374
9–3a IntroductionbyJohnKraus 374
9–3b CornerReflectorDesign 375
9–4 Passive(Retro)CornerReflector 382
9–5 TheParabola-GeneralProperties 383
9–6 AComparisonBetweenParabolicandCornerReflectors 384
9–7 TheParaboloidalReflector 385
9–8 PatternsofLargeCircularApertureswithUniformIllumination 389
9–9 ReflectorTypes(summarized) 391
9–9a ParaboloidalReflectors 392
9–9b SphericalReflector 393
9–9c CassegrainAntenna 393
9–9d F/DRatioofParabolicReflectors 394
9–9e ReflectorSurfaces 394
9–10 FeedMethodsforParabolicReflectors 395
9–10a Dipoles 395
9–10b DipoleswithParasiticReflectors 395
9–10c Open-EndedWaveguideBetterphasecharacteristics 395
9–10d WaveguideHorns 395
9–10e RearFeed 396
9–10f FrontFeed 396
9–10g OffsetFeed 396
References 396
Problems 397
“prelims” — 2010/3/20 — page x — #10