Table Of Content

ANTENNAS JOHN D- KRAUS Second Edition '- .. -· .. ; .: ;,~~ ~ ,;,; i :'L'V.tf) TATA McOOAW-HILL 1• •; ~,.~~.:'.._t EDITION SYMBOLS, PREFIXES AND ABBREVIATIONS Sec inside baclt cover for Constants and Convenions A ampere H,H rnagneCic field, A m ~ ' A angstrom= 10· 1° m HPBW half-power beam width A vector potential, Wb m • 1 Hz hertz = I cycle per second A,a area, m2 h, effective height A, collecting aperture I. I, i current, A A, effective aperture J joule A .. maximum effective aperture J,J current density, A m -1 A,. effective aperture, receiving Jy jansky, 10· 1& W m -1 Hz-' A,, .effective aperture, transmittina K kelvin A, geometric aperture K,K sheet-current density, A m • 1 A, physical aperture K, k a constant A" sca11erin1 aperture k kilo • I 03 (prefix) ' AR axial ratio kg kilogram AU astronomical unit L inductance, H a• · atto • 10· "(prefix) L inductance/unit length, H m • 1 unit vector I liter 8,8 magnetic ftux density, I, L length (scalar). m T .. Wb m·1 I length (vector), m B susceptance, 0 LCP left circularly polarized B susceptance/unit length, U m • 1 LEP left elliptically polarized BWFN beam width, first nulls In natural logarithm (base e] c coulomb log common logarithm (base 10) c capacitance. F M mega = 106 (prefix)· c capacitance/unit length, F m • ' M,M magnetization, A m • 1 C, c a constant, c = velocity of light M polarization stale or wave cc cubic centimeter M. polarization state or antenna ·c · degree Celsius m meter D,D electric flux density, C m - 2 m milJi = 10- 3 (prefix) D directivity min minute d distance, m N newton deg degree, angle N," number {integer) dB decibel = 10 log (Pif P Np neper 1) dBi decibels over isotropic n nano = 10 · 9 (prefix) d/ element of length (5ctlar~ m ii unit vector normal to a su.rface di element of length (vector), m P,P polarization or dielectric, C m · 2 ds element of surface (scalar), m2 p peta =. lO" (prefix) ds element of surface (vector), m2 p polarization state = 1'(7. o) dv clement of volume (scalar), m3 p power, W E, E electric: field intensity, V m · 1 P. 'normalized power pattern, E exa = lO' 8 [prefix) dimensionless emf electromotive force, V p pico = 10 · 12 (prefix) e electric charge, C Q, q charge; C F farad R resistance, fl F.F force, N R, radiation resistance r femto = Io- 15 (prefix) RCP right-circular polarization I frequency, Hz REP right-elliptical polarization G giga = 109 (prefix) revolution G conductance, U r radius, m; a15o ooordinate G conductance/unit length, U m - 1 direction G gain ; anit vector in , direction g gram rad radian H henry rad2 square radian = steradian '"' sr s.s Poynting vector, W m" l s (delta) angle. deg or rad s fluxden1ity, W m·l Hz-• B (epailon) penn.ittivity (dielectric s. s diMaruJe, m; also r.url'&a: area, ml constant), Fm- 1 .:, second (or t.irne) t., aperture efficiency sr steradian = square radian = rad1 '" beam efficiency T 1esla ,.. Wb rn - 2 e. . stray factor T tera - 1011 (prefix) e, relative permittivity t time, 3 t,,o permittivity of vacuum, F m - 1 u radiation intensity, W ,,-1 (eta) v volt 8• (theta) angle, deg or rad .v, .. voltage (also eml), V (theta) unit vector in (J direction emf (electromotive force), V " (kappa) constant !) "elociey, m s- L ). (lambda) wavelen3'h, m w watt 4 free-space wavelcllgth Wb weber µ (mu) penneability, H m -1 w energy density, J m - 3 µ, relative permeabi.lity x reactance, n µo permeability of vacuum, H m - 1 x reactance/uni! length, D m - 1 II (nu) i unit vector in x direction {,. (xi) x coordinate direction (pi)= 3.1416 y admittance. t1 p (rho) electric charF density, y admittance/unit length, U m - 1 C m - 3: also mass density, )' unit vector in y direction kg m-3 y coordinate direction p reflection coefficient, z n impedance, dimensionless z n impedance/unit length, m • 1 P, surface charge density; C m - 1 z, intrinsic impedance, conductor;O e« linear charge density, C rn - 1 per square (1 (sigma) conductivity, Um- 1 z, intrinsic impedance, dielectric, 0 (1 radar cross section uh per square 'T (tau) angle, polarization ZL load impedance, 0 ellipse, deg or rad z,, transverse impedance, rectangular r transmission ooefficient waveguide, n •f (phi) angle, deg or rad z., transverse impedance, cylindrical (phi) unit vector \n ~ direction waveguide., n l (chi) susceptibility, dimensionless Zo intrinsic impedance, space, (} per (psi) angle, deg or rad square "v' ; magnetic flux, Wb Zo characteristic impedance, n (capital omega) ohm n transmission line, 0 (capital omega) solid angle, sr or i unit vector in z direction deg2 coordinate direction, also red n. . beam area shift n"' main beam area n, 2 (alpha) angle, deg or rad minor lobe area 2 attenuation constant, nep m - 1 u (upsidedown capi1al omega) mho B (beta) angle, deg or rad; also (U .- 1/0 = S. sienlcns) phase constant = 2n/). (<) (omega) ang,llai' frequency 'j (gamma) angle, deg or rad ( = 21':'j), rad C I To Heinrich Hertz, who invented ... and Guglielmo M urconi. who pioneered thefirst anrennas ... in their practical opplirmion. ANTENNAS Second Edition John D. Kraus Director, Radio Observatory Taine .G. McDougal Professor EmeritRS <!" Electrical Engineering and AstrC:>nOIIIJI The Ohio State University with sections on Frequency-SensitiveS urfaces by Benedikt A. Munk. Radar ScatteriDgb y Robert G. Kouyoumjian and Moment Method by Edward H. Newman all of the Ohio S~te University Tata McGraw-HUI Publishing Company Limited NEW DELHI McGraw-Hill Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Mo,:itrear San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Tata McGraw-Hill A Division of The McGraw./lill Companies ANTENNAS Copyright © 1988 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in a data base or retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the puoushe« Tata McGraw-Hill edition 1997 Sixth reprint 200 l RCLYCRCLRACBB Reprinted in India by arrangement with The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York For sale in India Only Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kraus, John Daniel, (date). Antennas. (McGraw-Hill series in electrical engineering. Electronics and electronic circuits) Includes index. 1. Antennas (Electronics} I. Title. TK7871.6.K74 1988 621.38'028'3 87-15913 ISBN 0-07-035422-7 When ordering this title use ISBN 0·07-463219-1 Published by Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, and printed at A P Offset, Shahdara, Delhi 110 032 ABOUT THE AUTHOR John D. Kraus was born in Ann Arbor. Michigan, in ·1910 and received his Ph.D. degree in physics from the· University of Michigan in 1933. He then did research in nuclear physics with Michigan's newly completed 100-ton cyclotron until World War II when he worked on the degaussing of ships for the U.S. Navy and on radar countermeasures at Harvard University. After the War he came to the Ohio State. University where he is now Director of the Radio Observatory and McDougal Professor (Emeritus) of Electrical Engineering and Astronomy. Dr. Kraus is the inventor of the helical antenna, the workhorse of space communication, the corner reflector, used by the millions for television reception, and many other types .of antennas. He designed and built the giant Ohio radio telescope known as "Big Ear." He is the holder of many patents and has published hundreds of scientific and technical articles. He is also the author of the widely used classic textbooks Ancennas (McGraw-Hill, 1950), considered to be the "Antenna Bible," Electromagnelics (McGraw-Hill, 1953, second edition 1973, third edition, 1984), and Radio Astronomy (McGraw-Hill, 1966, second edition Cygnus Quasar, 1986). In addition, Dr. Kraus has written two popular books Big Ear {I 976) and Our Cosmic Universe (1980). Dr. Kraus received the U.S. Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1946. He was made a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engi- neers (IEEE) in 1954 and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1972. He received the Sullivant Medal, Ohio State University's top award, in 1970; the Outstanding Achievement Award of the University of Michigan in 1981; the prestigious Edison Medal of the IEEE in 1985; and the Distinguished Achievement Award of the Antennas and Propagation Society of the IEEE in the same year. Currently, Dr. Kraus is serving as antenna consultant to government and industry.