अन्तराल २ / Antaral 2 (Hindi Class 12)

64 Pages·2021·1.627 MB·Hindi

by  Various

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Hkkx 2

d{kk 12 osQ fy, ¯gnh (,sfPNd)
dh iwjd ikB~;iqLrd
2021–22
ISBN 81-7450-708-6
izFke laLdj.k
lokZf/dkj ljqf{kr
vizSy 2007 pS=k 1929
q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk
rFkk bySDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU;
iuq eæZq .k
fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ
uoacj 2007 dkfrZd 1929
vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok
fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u
fnlacj 2009 ikS"k 1931 nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok
uoacj 2010 vxzgk;.k 1932 fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh
la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA
tuojh 2012 ek?k 1933
ekpZ 2013 iQkYxqu 1934 ,ulhbZvkjVh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
uoacj 2013 dkfrZd 1935 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
Jh vjfoan ekxZ
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fnlacj 2016 ikS"k 1938 108] 100 iQhV jksM
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uoacj 2017 vxzgk;.k 1939 cuk'kadjh III bLVst
cSaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
fnlacj 2018 vxzgk;.k 1940
uothou VªLV Hkou
flracj 2019 Hkknzin 1941 Mkd?kj uothou
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vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx %,e- fljkt vuoj
eq[; laiknd %'osrk mIiy
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh %v#.k fprdkjk
eq[; O;kikj izcaa/d %fcck"k OkqQekj nkl
laiknd %ehjk dkar
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA
lgk;d mRiknu vf/dkjh %lquhy oqQekj
izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 vkoj.k ,oa lTtk fp=k
}kjk izdkf'kr rFkk----------------------------------------------- tks,y fxy tks,y fxy
Hkw"k.k 'kkfyxzke
ii
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jk"Vhª; ikB;~ p;k Z dh :ij[s kk 2005 l>q krh g S fd cPpk as oQs LoQwyh thou dk s ckgj oQs thou ls
tkMs k+ tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kra fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr oQs foijhr g S ftloQs iHz kkoo'k gekjh
O;oLFkk vkt rd LoQwy vkjS ?kj oQs chp vra jky cuk, g,q gAS u;h jk"Vhª; ikB;~ p;k Z ij vkèkkfjr
ikB;~ Øe vkjS ikB;~ iLq roQas bl cfqu;knh fopkj ij vey dju s dk i;z kl gAaS bl i;z kl e as gj
fo"k; dk s ,d e”kcrw nhokj l s ?kjs nus s vkjS tkudkjh dk s jVk nus s dh ioz f`Ùk dk fojk/s 'kkfey gAS
vk'kk g S fd ; s dne ge as jk"Vhª; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) e as of.krZ cky&oQasfnrz O;oLFkk dh fn'kk eas
dkIk+Qh njw rd y s tk,x¡ As
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa
dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa
ij fopkj djus dk fdruk volj nsrs gSaA geas ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh
nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu
djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa ,oa Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd
dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy,
”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh
fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud ¯”knxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud
le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS] ftruk okf"kZd oSQysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls
f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh
bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk
cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k
ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le;
cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vfèkd
lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj ,oa
foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks
izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
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,u-lh-b-Zvkj-Vh- bl iLq rd dh jpuk oQs fy, cukb Z xb Z ikB;~ iLq rd fuek.Z k lfefr oQs ifjJe
+
oQs fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gAS ifj"kn ~ Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr oQs vè;{k ikzIs kQslj ukeoj ¯lg
+
vkSj bl iqLrd osQ eq[; lykgdkj izksIksQlj iq#"kksÙke vxzoky dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl
ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fd;k] bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy,
ge muosQ izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr ÑrK gSa] ftUgksaus
vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge
+
ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksIksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa
+
izksIksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks
viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius
izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr
djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA
funs'kd
u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku
20 uoacj 2006 vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
iv
2021–22
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vè;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr
ukeoj ¯lg] iwoZ vè;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh
eq[; lykgdkj
iq#"kksÙke vxzoky] iwoZ izksI+ksQlj] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh
eq[; leUo;d
+
jketUe 'kekZ] iwoZ izksIksQlj ,oa vè;{k] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
lnL;
deyk izlkn] iwoZ mikè;{k] osaQnzh; ¯gnh laLFkku] vkxjk
fdju xqIrk] ih-th-Vh- (¯gnh)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] vkbZ-,u-,-] u;h fnYyh
panzdkar nsorkys] dfo ,oa lkfgR;dkj] mTtSu] eè; izns'k
+
u”khj eksgEen] izksIksQlj (vodk'k izkIr)] vyhx<+ eqfLye ;qfuo£lVh] vyhx<+
uhye 'kekZ] ih-th-Vh- (¯gnh)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] oSaQV] ukjk;.kk] u;h fnYyh
izseyrk tSu] jhMj] vj¯on dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
eatqjkuh ¯lg] ih-th-Vh- (¯gnh)] osaQnzh; fo|ky;] ts-,u-;w- ifjlj] u;h fnYyh
eatqyk ekFkqj] izksI+ksQlj] izkjafHkd f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
egsanz iky 'kekZ] izksI+ksQlj ,oa vè;{k] ¯gnh foHkkx] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh
jpuk HkkfV;k] izoDrk] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;h f'k{kk laLFkku] u;h fnYyh
jru oqQekj ikaMs;] vè;{k] ¯gnh foHkkx] eqacbZ fo'ofo|ky;] eqacbZ
+
jes'k frokjh] izoDrk] dkWyst vkWIkQ oksosQ'kuy LVMh”k] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
jksfgrk'o] izksI+ksQlj ,oa Mhu] xksok fo'ofo|ky;] xksok
lR;dke] izksI+ksQlj] ekufodh fo|kihB] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
lnL;&leUo;d
ykypan jke] izksI+ksQlj] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
v
2021–22
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bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ fuxjkuh lfefr }kjk ukfer Jh v'kksd
oktis;h vkSj lqJh 'kksHkk oktis;h dh vkHkkjh gSA iqLrd&fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, ge
fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr izksI+ksQlj fnyhi ¯lg] oqQylfpo] nf{k.k Hkkjr ¯gnh izpkj lHkk] psUubZ dk vkHkkj
O;Dr djrs gSaA
bl iqLrd esa jpuk,¡ 'kkfey djus osQ fy, ftu jpukdkjksarFkk muosQ ifjtuksa ls vuqefr

feyh gS] ge muosQ izfr ÑrK gaSA
iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa rduhdh lg;ksx osQ fy, ge oaQI;wVj LVs'ku (Hkk"kk foHkkx) osQ izHkkjh
ij'kjke dkSf'kd_ dkWih ,MhVj fnfXot; ¯lg v=kh vkSj lqfiz;k xqIrk_ izwI+kQ jhMj oaQpu 'kekZ]
vukfedk xksfoy] nqxkZ nsoh] djQ.kk vkSj lfork rFkk Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj t; izdk'k jk;]
vj¯on 'kekZ vkSj lfpu oqQekj osQ vkHkkjh gSaA
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ikB;~ iLq rd dh viuh lhek, ¡ gkrs h gAaS lkfgR; dh iez [q k foèkkvk as dh lHkh iez [q k jpukvk as dks
ikB;~ iLq rd e as leVs uk lHa ko ugh a gkrs k blfy, fof'k"V jpuk ;k lkexhz] tk s fo|kFkh Z dh me]z #fp
vkjS ;kXs ;rk oQs vu:q i gk]s ijw d iBu dh iLq rd e as nh tkrh gAS ijw d iBu dh iLq rd dk mí's ;
gh g S ikB;~ iLq rd oQs vèkjw is u dk s njw djuk] ml s i.w k Z cukukA nrqz iBu oQs fy, Hkh fo|kFkh Z ijw d
iBu dh iLq rd dk mi;kxs dj ldr s gAaS bll s igy s ijw d iLq rd oQs :i e as fdlh ,d foèkk
dh iLq rd gh fuèkkfZjr dh tkrh Fkh ¯dr q O;kogkfjdrk dh nf`"V l s vkjS ikB;~ p;k Z o ikB;~ Øe
dh eyw voèkkj.kk oQs erq kfcd bl ckj db Z foèkkvk as dk s ,d lkFk ijw d iBu dh iLq rd e as lekfgr
fd;k x;k g]S rkfd fo|kFkh Z ”;knk lkfgfR;d foèkkvk as l s ifjfpr gk s loQasA
12oha d{kk osQ fo|k£Fk;ksa dk Hkk"kk&Kku vkSj mudh lkfgR;d le> ,d mfpr lhek rd
igq¡p pqdh gksrh gSA lkekftd ljksdkjksa vkSj vius ifjos'k osQ izfr Hkh 17&18 o"kZ osQ fo|kFkhZ
iwjh rjg tkx:d gksrs gSaA 12oha d{kk dh iwjd iBu dh ;g iqLrd varjky Hkkx 2 rS;kj djrs
le; bu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kk x;k gSA bl iqLrd esa tks pkj ikB ladfyr gSa mu pkjksa osQ p;u
osQ ihNs mudh lkfgfR;drk dk Lrj rks fu.kkZ;d gS gh] ;g ckr Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd bu lc
ls Hkkjr osQ vyx&vyx vapyksa dh thou i¼fr vkSj lacafèkr HkkSxksfyd {ks=k dh leL;kvksa rFkk
tuthou dh fof'k"Vrkvksa ij izpqj izdk'k iM+rk gSA
lwjnkl dh >ksaiM+h izsepan oQs miU;kl jxa Hkfw e dk og v'a k g S ftle as nfyr o 'kkfs"kr tukas
dh O;Fkk vfadr gAS lÙkk vkjS it¡w h oQs xBtkMs + l s ljw nkl oQs >ksaiM as+ e as vkx yxk nh tkrh gAS ,ls s
le; e as xko¡ dk og ijw k legw tk s ljw nkl oQs fojkès k e as g S ,dtVq gkds j lkeu s vkrk gAS bl ikB
dh lcl s cMh+ ckr ;g g S fd ble as ljw nkl tlS s ykpkj vkjS ccs l O;fDr dh ftthfo"kk ,o a mloQs
l?a k"k Z dk vuBw k fp=k.k gvq k gAS ;g ikB Hkkjr oQs iow h Z vpa y dk vPNk fp=k [khpa rk gAS
vkjksg.k latho dh ,d ,slh dgkuh gS tks igkM+h {ks=kksa osQ esgurd'k yksxksa dh ¯”knxh dks
js[kkafdr djrh gSA igkM+h yksxksa dh ljyrk] fu'Nyrk osQ cjDl 'kgjh thou dh fn[kkoV vkSj
cukoV dks lkeus j[kdj latho us bl dgkuh esa dbZ iz'u mBk, gaSA ?kVuk izèkku vkSj laokn
laoqQy gksuk bl dFkk dh fo'ks"krk gS] tks bls iBuh; Hkh cukrh gS vkSj ikBd osQ eu esa
fopkjksÙkstuk Hkh iSnk djrh gSA
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fcLdksgj dh ekVh fo'oukFk f=kikBh dh vkRedFkk uaxkrykbZ dk xk¡o dk ,d va'k gSA
+
;g va'k xk¡o&Le`fr osQ ifjisz{; esa jpk x;k gSA blesa flIkZQ ukWLVsfYt;k ugha gS] izÑfr osQ lkFk
euq"; osQ lacaèkksa dh ek£ed iM+rky Hkh fufgr gSA thou dh fLFkfr;k¡ ½rqvksa osQ lkFk oSQls
cnyrh gSa vkSj izÑfr osQ izdksiksa dks xzkeh.k thou fdl rjg >syrk gS rFkk mlh izÑfr dk og
fdl rjg lgt mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj mlls fdruk vVwV izse djrk gSµ;s lkjs Hkko feydj
bl ikBka'k dh vn~Hkqr vfHkO;atuk dks izekf.kr djrs gSaA ,d izdkj ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g ikB
xzkeh.k thou osQ :i] jl vkSj xaèk dks mosQjus okyk ,d ek£ed ikB gSA
pkSFkk ikB viuk ekyok lekpkj&i=k tulÙkk esa izdkf'kr izHkk"k tks'kh osQ vkys[k dh
izLrqfr gS ftlesa ekyok {ks=k dk tuthou eq[kj gksdj lkeus vk;k gSA ;g ikB ty vkSj
i;kZoj.k lacaèkh leL;kvksa dks osaQnz esa j[ks gq, gSA fdrus thoV osQ lkFk bl {ks=k osQ yksx
izkÑfrd vkinkvksa dk lkeuk djrs gaS] mldk izHkko'kkyh fp=k bl ikB esa gSA lkFk gh ;g ikB
ml rduhdh vkSj izkS|ksfxdh fodkl ij izgkj djrk gS ftlosQ pyrs xzkeh.k vkSj dLckbZ {ks=kksa
dh vfLerk u"V gks jgh gSA
iwjd iBu dh bl iqLrd esa bl ckr dk Hkh è;ku j[kk x;k gS fd ikBksa dh lajpuk vkSj
mudh Hkk"kk cksf>y u gksA ljyrk vkSj lgtrk Hkk"kk dh cksèkxE;rk dh lcls cM+h dlkSVh gSA
;g ekudj bu ikBksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA bu lHkh ikBksa esa cksypky dh ¯gnh dk lqanj iz;ksx
gqvk gSA Bl x| dh txg ;s lHkh ikB laoknksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ cqus gq, gSa ftuls budh iBuh;rk
vkSj laizs"k.kh;rk nksuksa Lor% c<+ tkrh gSA bu ikBksa esa cksfy;ksa ls lai`Dr ¯gnh dk og :i Hkh
lkeus vkrk gS ftldk iz;ksx vketu djrs gSaA oqQy feykdj ;s lHkh ikB ,d iwjd iqLrd osQ
vkn'kZ ij [kjs mrjrs gSaA ,sls ikB ftUgsa Lor% i<+k tk losQ vkSj muosQ lkFk viuh lehirk dk
lacaèk tksM+k tk losQA
ikBksa osQ var esa 'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIi.kh osQ lkFk&lkFk iz'u&vH;kl ,oa ;ksX;rk&foLrkj fn, x,
gSaA budk mís'; gS fd vè;;u djrs le; fo|k£Fk;ksa osQ le{k ;fn Hkk"kk vFkok dF; lacaèkh
dksbZ leL;k mifLFkr gks rks ;s mldk rRdky lekèkku izLrqr dj losaQA
iLq rd oQs vra e as jpukdkjk as dk lfa{kIr ifjp; Hkh fn;k x;k g]S rkfd fo|kFkh Z vxj #fp yas
rk s mudh vU; jpuk, ¡ [kkts dj i< + loQas vkjS jpukdkj oQs ckj s e as Hkh tkudkjh gkfly dj loQasA
vk'kk gS fo|k£Fk;ksa dh Hkkf"kd rFkk lkfgfR;d #fp;ksa osQ fodkl dh n`f"V ls iwjd iBu
dh ;g iqLrd mi;ksxh fl¼ gksxhA fo|kFkhZ] iqLrd vkSj vè;kid osQ chp ,d laoknkRed fj'rk
dk;e gks] ;g iqLrd bl fn'kk esa ,d iz;kl gSA ;g iz;kl fujarj csgrj gksrk jgs] blosQ fy,
vkidh izfrfØ;k ,oa lq>ko visf{kr gSaA rrrrr
viii
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vke[q k iii
;g iqLrd vii
1
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izsepan
2
vkjksg.k 12
latho
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4
viuk ekyokµ[kkmQ&mtkM+w lH;rk esa 42
izHkk"k tks'kh
ys[kd ifjp; 49
ix
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2021–22