ANSYS Mechanical APDL Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis

408 Pages·2013·7.21 MB·English

ANSYS Mechanical APDL Low-Frequency
Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0
Southpointe November 2013
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Table of Contents
1. Overview of Magnetic Field Analysis...................................................................................................... 1
1.1. How Mechanical APDL Handles Magnetic Analysis............................................................................ 2
1.2.Types of Static, Harmonic, and Transient Magnetic Analysis................................................................ 9
1.3. Comparing Magnetic Formulations................................................................................................. 10
1.3.1. 2-D Versus 3-D Magnetic Analysis........................................................................................... 10
1.3.2.What Is the Magnetic Scalar Potential Formulation?................................................................ 10
1.3.3.What Is the Magnetic Vector Potential Formulation?................................................................ 11
1.3.4.What Is the Edge Formulation?............................................................................................... 11
1.3.5. Comparing Formulations........................................................................................................ 11
1.3.6. Static Analysis........................................................................................................................ 12
1.4. Summary of Electromagnetic Elements........................................................................................... 13
1.5. GUI Paths and Command Syntax..................................................................................................... 15
2. 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis................................................................................................................. 17
2.1. Elements Used in 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis................................................................................ 17
2.2. Legacy vs. Current-Technology 2-D Magnetic Elements.................................................................... 19
2.3. Steps in a Static Magnetic Analysis.................................................................................................. 21
2.3.1. Creating the Physics Environment........................................................................................... 21
2.3.1.1. Setting GUI Preferences................................................................................................. 21
2.3.1.2. Defining an Analysis Title............................................................................................... 21
2.3.1.3. Specifying Element Types and Options........................................................................... 22
2.3.1.4. Defining the Element Coordinate System....................................................................... 26
2.3.1.5. Defining Element Real Constants and a System of Units.................................................. 26
2.3.1.5.1. Choosing a System of Units for Your Analysis......................................................... 27
2.3.1.6. Specifying Material Properties....................................................................................... 27
2.3.1.6.1. Accessing Material Library Files............................................................................. 27
2.3.1.6.2. Additional Guidelines for Defining Regional Material Properties and Real Con-
stants ................................................................................................................................. 28
2.3.1.7. Source Conductor Regions............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.8. Moving Conductor Regions........................................................................................... 31
2.3.1.9. Permanent Magnet Regions........................................................................................... 32
2.3.1.10.Voltage-fed Stranded Coil Regions............................................................................... 34
2.3.2. Building and Meshing the Model and Assigning Region Attributes.......................................... 36
2.3.3. Applying Boundary Conditions and Loads.............................................................................. 36
2.3.3.1. Boundary Conditions..................................................................................................... 37
2.3.3.1.1. Magnetic vector potentials (AZ)............................................................................ 37
2.3.4. Excitation Loads..................................................................................................................... 38
2.3.4.1. Source Current Density (JS)............................................................................................ 38
2.3.4.2.Voltage Drop (VLTG)...................................................................................................... 38
2.3.5. Flags...................................................................................................................................... 39
2.3.5.1. Force Flags.................................................................................................................... 39
2.3.5.2. Infinite Surface Flags (INF).............................................................................................. 39
2.3.6. Other Loads........................................................................................................................... 39
2.3.6.1. Current Segments (CSGX).............................................................................................. 39
2.3.6.2. Maxwell Surfaces (MXWF).............................................................................................. 40
2.3.6.3. Magnetic Virtual Displacements (MVDI).......................................................................... 40
2.3.7. Solving the Analysis............................................................................................................... 40
2.3.8. Defining the Analysis Type...................................................................................................... 40
2.3.9. Defining Analysis Options...................................................................................................... 41
2.3.10. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database.................................................................................. 41
2.3.11. Starting the Solution............................................................................................................ 41
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2.3.12.Tracking Convergence Graphically........................................................................................ 42
2.3.13. Finishing the Solution........................................................................................................... 42
2.3.14. Calculating the Inductance Matrix and Flux Linkage.............................................................. 42
2.3.15. Reviewing Results................................................................................................................ 43
2.3.15.1. Primary data:............................................................................................................... 43
2.3.15.2. Derived data:............................................................................................................... 43
2.3.16. Reading in Results Data........................................................................................................ 43
2.3.16.1. Flux Lines.................................................................................................................... 44
2.3.16.2. Contour Displays......................................................................................................... 44
2.3.16.3.Vector Displays............................................................................................................ 44
2.3.16.4.Tabular Listings............................................................................................................ 44
2.3.16.5. Magnetic Forces.......................................................................................................... 44
2.3.16.6. Magnetic Torque.......................................................................................................... 45
2.3.16.7. Coil Resistance and Inductance.................................................................................... 46
2.3.16.8. Calculating Other Items of Interest............................................................................... 47
2.4. 2-D Stranded Coil Analysis.............................................................................................................. 47
2.4.1. Elements Used in a 2-D Stranded Coil Analysis ........................................................................ 47
2.4.2. Legacy vs Current-Technology 2-D Stranded Coil Analysis....................................................... 48
2.4.3. Performing a 2-D Stranded Coil Analysis................................................................................. 49
2.4.4. Reviewing Results from a 2-D Stranded Coil Analysis............................................................... 50
2.5. Example 2-D Static Magnetic Analyses............................................................................................. 51
2.5.1. Example: Basic 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis............................................................................ 51
2.5.1.1. Description ................................................................................................................... 51
2.5.1.2. Analysis Parameters....................................................................................................... 51
2.5.1.3. Approach and Assumptions........................................................................................... 52
2.5.1.4. Command Method........................................................................................................ 53
2.5.2. Example: 2-D Static Magnetic Contact Analysis........................................................................ 54
2.5.2.1. Description ................................................................................................................... 54
2.5.2.2. Input Listing.................................................................................................................. 54
2.5.3. Example: 2-D Static Magnetic Analysis with Velocity Effects..................................................... 57
2.5.3.1. Description ................................................................................................................... 57
2.5.3.2. Input Listing.................................................................................................................. 58
2.5.3.3. Results .......................................................................................................................... 61
2.5.4. Other Examples...................................................................................................................... 61
3. 2-D Harmonic Magnetic (AC) Analysis.................................................................................................. 63
3.1. Linear Versus Nonlinear Harmonic Analysis...................................................................................... 63
3.2. Elements Used in Harmonic Magnetic Analysis................................................................................ 64
3.3. Creating a Harmonic 2-D Physics Environment................................................................................ 65
3.3.1. Using DOFs to Manage Terminal Conditions on Conductors.................................................... 66
3.3.2.The AZ Option........................................................................................................................ 66
3.3.3.The AZ-VOLT Option............................................................................................................... 66
3.3.4.The AZ-CURR Option.............................................................................................................. 67
3.3.5. Characteristics and Settings for Physical Regions of a Model.................................................... 68
3.3.6.Velocity Effects....................................................................................................................... 73
3.4. Building and Meshing the Model and Assigning Region Attributes................................................... 74
3.4.1. Skin Depth Considerations..................................................................................................... 74
3.5. Applying Boundary Conditions Loads (Excitation) to Harmonic Problems......................................... 74
3.5.1. Using the PERBC2D Macro...................................................................................................... 75
3.5.2. Amplitude, Phase Angle, and Operating Frequency................................................................. 75
3.5.2.1. Amplitude..................................................................................................................... 75
3.5.2.2. Phase Angle.................................................................................................................. 75
3.5.2.3. Operating Frequency..................................................................................................... 75
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3.5.3. Applying Source Current Density to Stranded Conductors....................................................... 76
3.5.4. Applying Current to Massive Conductors................................................................................ 76
3.5.5. Applying Voltage Load Across a Stranded Coil......................................................................... 76
3.5.6. Flags...................................................................................................................................... 77
3.5.6.1. Force Flags.................................................................................................................... 77
3.5.6.2. Infinite Surface Flags (INF).............................................................................................. 77
3.5.7. Other Loads........................................................................................................................... 77
3.5.7.1. Maxwell Surfaces (MXWF).............................................................................................. 77
3.5.7.2. Magnetic Virtual Displacements (MVDI).......................................................................... 78
3.6. Obtain a Solution............................................................................................................................ 78
3.6.1. Defining the Harmonic Analysis Type...................................................................................... 78
3.6.2. Defining Analysis Options...................................................................................................... 79
3.6.3. Selecting the Equation Solver................................................................................................. 79
3.6.4. Setting the Analysis Frequency............................................................................................... 80
3.6.5. Setting General Options......................................................................................................... 80
3.6.6. Setting Output Controls......................................................................................................... 81
3.6.7. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database................................................................................... 81
3.6.8. Starting the Solution.............................................................................................................. 81
3.6.9. HMAGSOLV Command Macro................................................................................................. 82
3.6.10.Tracking Convergence Graphically........................................................................................ 82
3.6.11. Finishing the Solution........................................................................................................... 83
3.7. Reviewing Results........................................................................................................................... 83
3.7.1. Commands or GUI Paths to Help You in Postprocessing........................................................... 84
3.7.2. Reading in Results Data.......................................................................................................... 86
3.7.2.1. Contour Displays........................................................................................................... 86
3.7.2.2.Vector Displays.............................................................................................................. 87
3.7.2.3.Tabular Listings.............................................................................................................. 87
3.7.2.4. Magnetic Forces............................................................................................................ 87
3.7.2.5. Magnetic Torque ........................................................................................................... 88
3.7.2.6. Coil Resistance and Inductance...................................................................................... 90
3.7.2.7. Calculating Other Items of Interest................................................................................. 90
3.8. Example 2-D Harmonic Magnetic Analyses...................................................................................... 91
3.8.1. Example: Harmonic Magnetic Analysis.................................................................................... 91
3.8.1.1. Command Input Stream Using PLANE233...................................................................... 92
3.8.1.2. Command Input Stream Using PLANE53........................................................................ 93
3.8.2. Example: 2-D Nonlinear Harmonic Analysis............................................................................. 94
3.8.2.1. Description ................................................................................................................... 94
3.8.2.2. Command Input Stream................................................................................................ 95
3.8.3. Other Examples...................................................................................................................... 97
4. 2-D Transient Magnetic Analysis........................................................................................................... 99
4.1. Elements Used in Transient Magnetic Analysis................................................................................. 99
4.2. Creating a 2-D Transient Magnetic Physics Environment................................................................. 101
4.3. Building a Model, Assigning Region Attributes and Meshing the Model.......................................... 101
4.4. Applying Boundary Conditions and Loads (Excitation)................................................................... 101
4.4.1. Applying Boundary Conditions............................................................................................. 102
4.4.2. Applying Excitation (Voltage Load)....................................................................................... 102
4.4.3. Applying Current.................................................................................................................. 103
4.4.4. Other Loads......................................................................................................................... 103
4.5. Obtaining a Solution..................................................................................................................... 103
4.5.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor......................................................................................... 103
4.5.2. Defining the Analysis Type.................................................................................................... 103
4.5.3. Defining Analysis Options..................................................................................................... 104
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4.5.4. Load Step Options................................................................................................................ 104
4.5.5. Nonlinear Options................................................................................................................ 105
4.5.6. Output Controls................................................................................................................... 106
4.5.7. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database.................................................................................. 107
4.5.8. Starting the Solution............................................................................................................ 107
4.5.9. Finishing the Solution........................................................................................................... 107
4.6. Reviewing Results......................................................................................................................... 107
4.6.1. Reading Results in POST26................................................................................................... 108
4.6.2. Reading Results in POST1..................................................................................................... 109
4.6.2.1. Coil Resistance and Inductance.................................................................................... 109
4.6.2.2. Calculating Other Items of Interest............................................................................... 110
4.7. Example Transient Magnetic Analyses........................................................................................... 110
4.7.1. Example:Transient Magnetic Analysis................................................................................... 110
4.7.1.1.The Example Described................................................................................................ 110
4.7.1.2. Analysis Parameters..................................................................................................... 111
4.7.1.3. Approach and Assumptions......................................................................................... 111
4.7.1.4. Command Method...................................................................................................... 122
4.7.2. Other Examples.................................................................................................................... 123
5. 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis (Scalar Method).................................................................................... 125
5.1. Elements Used in 3-D Static Scalar Magnetic Analysis..................................................................... 125
5.2. Scalar Potential Formulation.......................................................................................................... 126
5.2.1. Singly Versus Multiply Connected Domains........................................................................... 127
5.3. Analysis Considerations................................................................................................................. 127
5.4. Steps in a 3-D Static Scalar Analysis............................................................................................... 128
5.4.1. Create the Physics Environment............................................................................................ 128
5.4.1.1. Setting GUI Preferences............................................................................................... 128
5.4.1.2. Specifying Material Properties...................................................................................... 129
5.4.1.2.1. Accessing Material Library Files........................................................................... 129
5.4.1.3. Additional Guidelines for Defining Regional Material Properties and Real Constants...... 130
5.4.1.3.1. For Air Regions:................................................................................................... 130
5.4.1.3.2. For Free-Space Permeable Material Regions:........................................................ 130
5.4.2. Build the Model.................................................................................................................... 131
5.4.2.1. Modeling Current Conduction Regions........................................................................ 133
5.4.2.2. Building a 3-D Racetrack Coil........................................................................................ 137
5.4.3. Apply Boundary Conditions and Loads (Excitation)............................................................... 138
5.4.3.1. Applying Loads to a 3-D Scalar Static Analysis............................................................... 138
5.4.3.2. Boundary Conditions................................................................................................... 139
5.4.3.2.1. Magnetic Scalar Potentials................................................................................... 139
5.4.3.3. Excitation .................................................................................................................... 139
5.4.3.4. Flags ........................................................................................................................... 139
5.4.3.4.1. Component Force............................................................................................... 139
5.4.3.4.2. Infinite Surface Flags (INF)................................................................................... 139
5.4.3.5. Other Loads................................................................................................................. 140
5.4.3.5.1. Maxwell Surface (MXWF)..................................................................................... 140
5.4.3.5.2. Magnetic Virtual Displacements (MVDI)............................................................... 140
5.4.4. Solve the Analysis (RSP, DSP, or GSP Method)......................................................................... 140
5.4.4.1. Solve Using the RSP Method........................................................................................ 140
5.4.4.1.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor........................................................................ 140
5.4.4.1.2. Defining the Analysis Type.................................................................................. 140
5.4.4.1.3. Defining Analysis Options................................................................................... 140
5.4.4.1.4. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database................................................................ 141
5.4.4.1.5. Starting the Solution........................................................................................... 141
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5.4.4.1.6. Finishing the Solution......................................................................................... 141
5.4.4.2. Solve Using DSP Method.............................................................................................. 141
5.4.4.3. Solve Using the GSP Method........................................................................................ 142
5.4.5. Calculate the Inductance Matrix and Flux Linkage................................................................. 143
5.4.6. Review Analysis Results (RSP, DSP, or GSP Method Analysis).................................................... 143
5.4.6.1. Reading in Results Data............................................................................................... 144
5.4.6.2. Flux Lines.................................................................................................................... 144
5.4.6.3.Vector Displays............................................................................................................ 144
5.4.6.4. Contour Displays......................................................................................................... 144
5.4.6.5. Charged Particle Trace Displays.................................................................................... 144
5.4.6.6.Tabular Listings............................................................................................................ 145
5.4.6.7. Magnetic Forces.......................................................................................................... 145
5.4.6.8. Calculating Other Items of Interest............................................................................... 145
5.5. Example 3-D Static Magnetic Analyses (Scalar Method).................................................................. 146
5.5.1. Example of a 3-D Static Magnetic Analysis............................................................................. 146
5.5.1.1. Description.................................................................................................................. 146
5.5.1.1.1. Material Properties.............................................................................................. 146
5.5.1.1.2. Approach and Assumptions................................................................................ 147
5.5.1.1.3. Expected Results................................................................................................. 147
5.5.1.2. Analysis....................................................................................................................... 147
5.5.1.3. Command Method...................................................................................................... 154
5.5.2. Other Examples.................................................................................................................... 156
6. 3-D Magnetostatics and Fundamentals of Edge-Based Analysis........................................................ 157
6.1. Elements Used in Edge-Based Analysis.......................................................................................... 158
6.2. Characteristics and Settings for Physical Regions of a Model.......................................................... 159
6.3. Analysis Considerations................................................................................................................. 162
6.4. Performing a Static Edge-Based Analysis........................................................................................ 162
6.5. Reviewing Results from a Static Edge-Based Analysis..................................................................... 164
6.5.1. Reading in Results Data........................................................................................................ 165
6.5.1.1. Flux Lines.................................................................................................................... 165
6.5.1.2. Contour Displays,Vector Displays,Tabular Listings, and Magnetic Forces....................... 165
6.5.1.3. Charged Particle Trace Displays.................................................................................... 165
6.5.1.4. Calculating Magnetic Force and Torque........................................................................ 165
6.5.1.5. Calculating Other Items of Interest............................................................................... 167
6.6. 3-D Stranded Coil Analysis............................................................................................................. 167
6.6.1. Elements Used in a 3-D Edge-Based Stranded Coil Analysis.................................................... 167
6.6.2. Performing a Stranded Coil Analysis...................................................................................... 167
6.6.3. Reviewing Results from a 3-D Stranded Coil Analysis............................................................. 169
6.7. Example 3-D Magnetostatic and Edge-Based Analyses................................................................... 169
6.7.1. Example: Current-Carrying Conductor................................................................................... 170
6.7.1.1. Analysis Description .................................................................................................... 170
6.7.1.2. Analysis Parameters..................................................................................................... 171
6.7.1.3.Target Data.................................................................................................................. 171
6.7.1.4.The Analysis Input........................................................................................................ 171
6.7.2. Example: Force Calculation Between Two Permanent Magnets .............................................. 173
6.7.2.1. Problem Description and Results.................................................................................. 173
6.7.2.2. Command Listing........................................................................................................ 177
6.7.3. Example:Two-Plate Hall Sensor............................................................................................. 179
6.7.3.1. Problem Description and Results.................................................................................. 179
6.7.3.2. Command Listing........................................................................................................ 182
6.7.4. Other Examples.................................................................................................................... 185
7. 3-D Harmonic Magnetic Analysis (Edge-Based).................................................................................. 187
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7.1. Analysis Considerations................................................................................................................. 187
7.2. Performing a Harmonic Edge-Based Analysis................................................................................. 187
7.3. Reviewing the Results from a Harmonic Edge-Based Analysis......................................................... 189
7.3.1. Commands to Help You in Postprocessing............................................................................ 190
7.3.2. Reading in Results Data........................................................................................................ 192
7.3.2.1. Contour Displays......................................................................................................... 192
7.3.2.2.Tabular Listings............................................................................................................ 192
7.3.2.3. Calculating Other Items of Interest............................................................................... 193
7.4. Example 3-D Harmonic Magnetic (Edge-Based) Analyses ............................................................... 193
7.4.1. Example: 3-D Harmonic Edge-Based Analysis........................................................................ 193
7.4.1.1.The Analysis Described................................................................................................ 193
7.4.1.2. Analysis Parameters..................................................................................................... 194
7.4.1.3.Target Data.................................................................................................................. 194
7.4.2. Example: Eddy Currents Induced in a Ferromagnetic Plate .................................................... 195
7.4.2.1. Problem Description and Results.................................................................................. 196
7.4.2.2. Command Listing........................................................................................................ 198
7.4.3. Example: Magnetic Field in a Parallel Plate Capacitor ............................................................. 200
7.4.3.1. Problem Description and Results.................................................................................. 200
7.4.3.2. Command Listing........................................................................................................ 204
7.4.4. Example:Transformer Analysis ............................................................................................. 206
7.4.4.1. Problem Description and Results.................................................................................. 206
7.4.4.2. Command Listing........................................................................................................ 210
8. 3-D Transient Magnetic Analysis (Edge-Based)................................................................................... 215
8.1. Analysis Considerations................................................................................................................. 215
8.2. Performing a Transient Edge-Based Analysis.................................................................................. 215
8.2.1.Time Option......................................................................................................................... 217
8.2.2. Number of Substeps or Time Step Size.................................................................................. 217
8.2.3. Automatic Time Stepping..................................................................................................... 217
8.2.4. Newton-Raphson Options.................................................................................................... 218
8.2.5. Number of Equilibrium Iterations.......................................................................................... 218
8.2.6. Convergence Tolerances....................................................................................................... 218
8.2.7.Terminate an Unconverged Solution..................................................................................... 219
8.2.8. Control Printed Output......................................................................................................... 219
8.2.9. Control Database and Results File Output............................................................................. 219
8.2.10. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database................................................................................ 219
8.2.11. Starting the Solution.......................................................................................................... 219
8.3. Reviewing Results......................................................................................................................... 220
8.3.1. Reading Results in POST26................................................................................................... 221
8.3.2. Reading Results in POST1..................................................................................................... 222
8.3.2.1. Calculating Other Items of Interest............................................................................... 222
8.4. Example 3-D Transient Magnetic Edge-Based Analyses................................................................... 222
8.4.1. Example:Transient Magnetic Field in a Conducting Block ...................................................... 222
8.4.1.1. Problem Description and Results.................................................................................. 223
8.4.1.2. Command Listing........................................................................................................ 228
8.4.2. Other Examples.................................................................................................................... 231
9. 3-D Nodal-Based Analysis (Static, Harmonic, and Transient).............................................................. 233
9.1. Elements Used in a Static Nodal-Based Analysis............................................................................. 233
9.1.1. Specifying Real Constants..................................................................................................... 235
9.1.2. Incorporating Velocity Effects............................................................................................... 236
9.2. Defining Analysis Settings............................................................................................................. 236
9.2.1. Defining the Analysis Type.................................................................................................... 236
9.2.2. Defining Which Solver to Use................................................................................................ 236
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9.3. Example 3-D Nodal-Based Analyses............................................................................................... 236
9.3.1. Example: 3-D Static Magnetic MVP Analysis........................................................................... 236
9.3.1.1. Applying Loads and Obtaining the Solution................................................................. 236
9.3.1.1.1. Magnetic Vector Potentials (AX, AY, AZ)................................................................ 237
9.3.1.1.2. Force Flags.......................................................................................................... 237
9.3.1.1.3.Voltage Drop (VLTG)............................................................................................ 237
9.3.1.1.4. Current Segments (CSG(X,Y,Z))............................................................................ 237
9.3.1.1.5. Maxwell Surfaces (MXWF)................................................................................... 237
9.3.1.1.6. Source Current Density (JS)................................................................................. 238
9.3.1.1.7. Magnetic Virtual Displacements (MVDI)............................................................... 238
9.3.1.2. Saving a Backup Copy of the Database......................................................................... 238
9.3.1.3. Starting the Solution.................................................................................................... 238
9.3.1.4. Finishing the Solution.................................................................................................. 238
9.3.1.5. Calculating the Inductance Matrix and Flux Linkage..................................................... 239
9.3.1.6. Reviewing Results from a 3-D Static Magnetic MVP Analysis.......................................... 239
9.3.1.6.1. Reading in Results Data....................................................................................... 239
9.3.1.6.1.1. Flux Lines................................................................................................... 239
9.3.1.6.1.2. Contour Displays,Vector Displays,Tabular Listings, and Magnetic Forces...... 240
9.3.1.6.1.3. Charged Particle Trace Displays................................................................... 240
9.3.1.6.1.4. Coil Resistance and Inductance................................................................... 240
9.3.1.6.1.5. Calculating Other Items of Interest.............................................................. 240
9.3.2. Example: 3-D Nodal-Based Harmonic Analysis....................................................................... 241
9.3.2.1. Creating a Harmonic 3-D Physics Environment............................................................. 241
9.3.2.1.1. Using DOFs to Manage Terminal Conditions on Conductors in 3-D Analyses......... 241
9.3.2.1.1.1.The AX, AY, AZ,VOLT Option......................................................................... 241
9.3.2.1.1.2.The AX, AY, AZ, CURR Option........................................................................ 242
9.3.2.1.2. Characteristics and Settings for Physical Regions of a Model................................ 242
9.3.2.1.3.Velocity Effects.................................................................................................... 246
9.3.2.1.4. Power Loss.......................................................................................................... 247
9.3.2.2. Applying Loads to and Solving 3-D Nodal-Based Harmonic Analyses............................ 247
9.3.2.3. Reviewing Results from a 3-D Harmonic (Nodal-Based) Analysis.................................... 248
9.3.3. Example: 3-D Transient (Nodal-Based) Analysis...................................................................... 248
9.3.3.1. Create the 3-D Transient Physics Environment.............................................................. 248
9.3.3.2. Apply Loads and Solve the Transient Analysis............................................................... 248
9.3.3.3. Reviewing Results from a 3-D Transient (Nodal-Based) Analysis..................................... 248
10. Electromagnetic Linear Perturbation Analysis................................................................................. 249
10.1. Performing an Electromagnetic Linear Perturbation Analysis....................................................... 249
10.2. Example: Electromagnetic Linear Perturbation Analysis ............................................................... 250
11. Electric and Magnetic Macros........................................................................................................... 255
11.1. Using Electric and Magnetic Macros............................................................................................ 257
11.1.1. Modeling Aids.................................................................................................................... 257
11.1.2. Solution Aids...................................................................................................................... 259
11.1.2.1.MAGSOLV................................................................................................................. 259
11.1.2.2.HMAGSOLV .............................................................................................................. 259
11.1.2.3.CMATRIX................................................................................................................... 259
11.1.2.4.LMATRIX................................................................................................................... 259
11.1.2.4.1. Overview.......................................................................................................... 259
11.1.2.4.2. Procedure......................................................................................................... 260
11.1.2.4.3. SOLID97 Solenoidal Formulations...................................................................... 261
11.1.2.5. Example LMATRIX Calculation for an Inductor Device (Command Method).................. 262
11.1.2.5.1. Problem Description......................................................................................... 262
11.1.2.5.2. Command Listing.............................................................................................. 262
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Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analysis Guide
11.1.2.5.3. Expected Results............................................................................................... 264
11.1.3. Postprocessing Calculations................................................................................................ 265
12. Far-Field Elements............................................................................................................................. 273
12.1.Tips for Using Far-Field Elements................................................................................................. 275
12.2. Example Far-Field Analysis........................................................................................................... 277
12.2.1. Problem Description........................................................................................................... 277
12.2.2. Results ............................................................................................................................... 278
12.2.3. Command Listing............................................................................................................... 279
13. Electric Field Analysis........................................................................................................................ 281
13.1. Elements Used in Electric Field Analysis....................................................................................... 282
13.2. Element Compatibility................................................................................................................. 284
13.3. Current Densities........................................................................................................................ 287
13.4. Steady-State Current Conduction Analysis................................................................................... 288
13.4.1. Building the Model............................................................................................................. 288
13.4.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution........................................................................... 289
13.4.2.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor.............................................................................. 289
13.4.2.2. Defining Analysis Type............................................................................................... 289
13.4.2.3. Defining Analysis Options.......................................................................................... 289
13.4.2.4. Applying Loads.......................................................................................................... 290
13.4.2.4.1. Current............................................................................................................. 290
13.4.2.4.2.Voltage (VOLT).................................................................................................. 290
13.4.2.5. Starting the Solution.................................................................................................. 290
13.4.2.6. Finishing the Solution................................................................................................ 290
13.4.3. Reviewing Results .............................................................................................................. 290
13.4.3.1. Reviewing Results in POST1....................................................................................... 291
13.4.4. Extracting Conductance from Multi-Conductor Systems...................................................... 292
13.4.4.1. Ground Conductances and Lumped Conductances.................................................... 293
13.4.4.2. Procedure.................................................................................................................. 294
13.5. Harmonic Quasistatic Electric Analysis......................................................................................... 295
13.5.1. Building the Model............................................................................................................. 296
13.5.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution........................................................................... 297
13.5.2.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor.............................................................................. 297
13.5.2.2. Defining the Analysis Type......................................................................................... 297
13.5.2.3. Defining Analysis Options.......................................................................................... 297
13.5.2.4. Applying Loads.......................................................................................................... 298
13.5.2.4.1. Current............................................................................................................. 298
13.5.2.4.2. Charge.............................................................................................................. 299
13.5.2.4.3.Voltage (VOLT).................................................................................................. 299
13.5.2.5. Starting the Solution.................................................................................................. 299
13.5.2.6. Finishing the Solution................................................................................................ 299
13.5.3. Reviewing Results .............................................................................................................. 299
13.5.3.1. Reviewing Results in POST1....................................................................................... 301
13.5.3.2. Reviewing Results in POST26...................................................................................... 301
13.6.Transient Quasistatic Electric Analysis.......................................................................................... 302
13.6.1. Building the Model............................................................................................................. 303
13.6.2. Applying Loads and Obtaining a Solution........................................................................... 303
13.6.2.1. Entering the SOLUTION Processor.............................................................................. 303
13.6.2.2. Defining the Analysis Type......................................................................................... 304
13.6.2.3. Defining Analysis Options.......................................................................................... 304
13.6.2.4. Applying Loads.......................................................................................................... 305
13.6.2.5. Starting the Solution.................................................................................................. 305
13.6.2.6. Finishing the Solution................................................................................................ 305
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x of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.