ANSYS Mechanical APDL Element Reference

1448 Pages·2013·13.81 MB·English

ANSYS Mechanical APDL Element Reference
ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0
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Table of Contents
1. About This Reference.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Overview.......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Conventions Used in This Reference.................................................................................................. 1
1.2.1. Applicable Products................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2. Product Codes......................................................................................................................... 3
1.3. Product Capabilities.......................................................................................................................... 3
2. Element Classifications........................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Overview of Element Characteristics................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1. Identifying Element Types........................................................................................................ 5
2.1.2. 2-D vs. 3-D Elements................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3. Element Shape Characteristics.................................................................................................. 6
2.1.4. Element Degrees of Freedom and Discipline............................................................................. 6
2.1.5. User-Defined Elements............................................................................................................. 6
2.2. Summary of Element Types............................................................................................................... 6
2.3. Selecting Elements for Your Analysis................................................................................................ 22
2.4. Current-Technology Elements......................................................................................................... 37
2.4.1. Legacy vs. Current Element Technologies................................................................................ 38
2.5. Degenerated Shape Elements......................................................................................................... 39
2.5.1. Obtaining the Best Results from Degenerated Shape Elements............................................... 39
2.5.2. Degenerated Triangular 2-D Solid and Shell Elements............................................................. 39
2.5.2.1.Triangular Shell Elements Are Preferred in Some Cases................................................... 39
2.5.3. Degenerated Triangular Prism Elements ................................................................................. 40
2.5.4. Degenerated Tetrahedral Elements......................................................................................... 40
2.5.5. Surface Stresses on Condensed Element Faces........................................................................ 40
2.6. Special-Purpose Elements............................................................................................................... 40
2.6.1. Superelements....................................................................................................................... 41
2.6.2. User-Defined Elements........................................................................................................... 41
2.7. GUI-Inaccessible Elements .............................................................................................................. 41
3. General Element Features..................................................................................................................... 43
3.1. Element Input................................................................................................................................. 43
3.1.1. Element Name....................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2. Nodes.................................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.2.1. Internal nodes............................................................................................................... 44
3.1.3. Degrees of Freedom............................................................................................................... 44
3.1.3.1. Internal Degrees of Freedom.......................................................................................... 44
3.1.4. Material Properties................................................................................................................. 44
3.1.5. Special Element Features........................................................................................................ 45
3.1.6. Sections................................................................................................................................. 45
3.1.7. Real Constants....................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.8. Element Loading.................................................................................................................... 46
3.1.8.1. Surface Loads................................................................................................................ 47
3.1.8.1.1. Applying Surface Loads......................................................................................... 47
3.1.8.1.2. Multiple Surface Loads.......................................................................................... 47
3.1.8.1.3. Surface Load Labels and Keys................................................................................ 48
3.1.8.1.4.Tapered Surface Load............................................................................................ 48
3.1.8.2. Body Loads.................................................................................................................... 48
3.1.8.2.1. Applying Body loads............................................................................................. 48
3.1.8.2.2.Temperature Body Loads....................................................................................... 49
3.1.8.3. Inertial Loads................................................................................................................. 49
3.1.8.4. Initial Stresses................................................................................................................ 49
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Element Reference
3.1.8.5. Ocean Loads.................................................................................................................. 49
3.1.9. Nodal Loading....................................................................................................................... 49
3.1.10. Element Properties and Controls (KEYOPTs).......................................................................... 50
3.1.10.1. Element KEYOPT Defaults............................................................................................ 50
3.1.10.1.1. Consider Automatic Element Selection................................................................ 50
3.1.10.1.2. KEYOPT Settings May Vary Between Products...................................................... 50
3.2. Solution Output.............................................................................................................................. 50
3.2.1. Output File Contents.............................................................................................................. 51
3.2.2. Results File and Database Contents......................................................................................... 51
3.2.3. Element Solution.................................................................................................................... 51
3.2.3.1.The Element Output Definitions Table............................................................................ 52
3.2.3.2.The Item and Sequence Number Table........................................................................... 52
3.2.3.3. Surface Loads................................................................................................................ 53
3.2.3.4. Integration Point Solution (Output Listing Only)............................................................. 53
3.2.3.5. Centroidal Solution (Output Listing Only)....................................................................... 53
3.2.3.6. Element Nodal Solution................................................................................................. 53
3.2.3.7. Element Nodal Loads..................................................................................................... 54
3.2.3.8. Nonlinear Solutions....................................................................................................... 54
3.2.3.9. 2-D and Axisymmetric Solutions.................................................................................... 54
3.2.3.10. Member Force Solution................................................................................................ 54
3.2.3.11. Failure Criteria............................................................................................................. 54
3.2.4. Nodal Solution....................................................................................................................... 55
3.3. Coordinate Systems........................................................................................................................ 55
3.3.1. Understanding the Element Coordinate System...................................................................... 56
3.3.1.1. Modifying the Element Orientation................................................................................ 56
3.3.2. Elements That Operate in the Nodal Coordinate System.......................................................... 57
3.3.3. Solution Coordinate Systems.................................................................................................. 58
4. Element Support for Material Models.................................................................................................. 59
5. Elements for Stress Analysis................................................................................................................. 67
5.1. Continuum Stress Elements............................................................................................................. 67
5.1.1. Stress States in 2-D Continuum Elements................................................................................ 67
5.1.1.1. Plane Stress................................................................................................................... 68
5.1.1.2. Plane Strain................................................................................................................... 68
5.1.1.3. Generalized Plane Strain................................................................................................ 68
5.1.1.4. Axisymmetric ................................................................................................................ 68
5.1.1.5. General Axisymmetric.................................................................................................... 68
5.1.1.5.1. Alternate General Axisymmetric Method for Linear Problems................................. 69
5.1.2. Element Technologies............................................................................................................ 69
5.1.2.1.Technologies for Lower-Order Quad and Brick Elements................................................. 69
5.1.2.1.1. B-bar Method (Selective Reduced Integration)....................................................... 70
5.1.2.1.2. Enhanced Strain Formulation................................................................................ 70
5.1.2.1.3. Simplified Enhanced Strain Formulation................................................................ 70
5.1.2.1.4. Uniform Reduced Integration................................................................................ 70
5.1.2.2.Technologies for Lower-Order Tetrahedron Elements...................................................... 71
5.1.2.3.Technologies for Higher-Order Quad or Brick Elements................................................... 71
5.1.2.4.Technologies for Higher-Order Triangle or Tetrahedron Elements.................................... 71
5.1.3. Mixed u-P Formulation........................................................................................................... 71
5.1.3.1. Overview of Mixed u-P Element Technologies................................................................ 71
5.1.3.2. Mixed u-P Element Summary......................................................................................... 72
5.1.3.3. Applications of Mixed u-P Formulations......................................................................... 73
5.1.3.4. Mixed u-P Models and Overconstraint or No Unique Solution......................................... 74
5.1.4. Generalized Plane Strain Options............................................................................................ 74
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5.1.5. Axisymmetric Elements with Nonaxisymmetric Loads............................................................. 76
5.1.5.1. General Axisymmetric Elements..................................................................................... 76
5.1.5.1.1. Example: 3-D General Axisymmetric Model............................................................ 79
5.1.5.2. Harmonic Axisymmetric Elements.................................................................................. 83
5.1.5.2.1. Harmonic Axisymmetric Elements with Nonaxisymmetric Loads............................ 84
5.2. Shell Elements................................................................................................................................ 88
5.2.1. Axisymmetric Shells............................................................................................................... 88
5.2.2. Shell Stress and Stiffness........................................................................................................ 88
5.2.3. Membrane and Surface Stress Options................................................................................... 88
5.2.4. Shell Shear and Warping......................................................................................................... 89
5.2.5. Curved Shell Elements............................................................................................................ 89
5.2.6. Shell Element Coordinate System........................................................................................... 89
5.2.7. Shell Element Nodes.............................................................................................................. 89
5.3. Beam and Link (Truss) Elements...................................................................................................... 90
5.4. Pipe Elements................................................................................................................................. 90
5.5. Reinforcing Elements...................................................................................................................... 91
5.5.1. Discrete Reinforcing............................................................................................................... 91
5.5.2. Smeared Reinforcing.............................................................................................................. 91
5.6. Surface Elements............................................................................................................................ 91
5.7. Automatic Selection of Element Technologies and Formulations...................................................... 92
5.8. Elements Under Linear Perturbation................................................................................................ 95
5.8.1. Material Properties of Structural Elements in Linear Perturbation............................................ 96
5.8.1.1. Specifying Material Behavior in Linear Perturbation........................................................ 96
5.8.2. Interpretation of Structural Element Results After a Linear Perturbation Analysis..................... 97
5.8.3. Loads, Initial Conditions, and Other Limitations in Linear Perturbation..................................... 97
6. Elements for Multiphysics Analysis....................................................................................................... 99
6.1. Elements for Coupled-Physics Analysis............................................................................................ 99
6.1.1. Coupled-Field Element Classifications..................................................................................... 99
6.1.2. Selecting Elements for Coupled-Physics Analysis................................................................... 100
6.2. Elements for Thermal Analysis....................................................................................................... 102
6.2.1.Thermal Elements for the Structural Region.......................................................................... 102
6.2.2.Thermal Elements for the Fluid Region.................................................................................. 103
6.2.3.Thermal Loading Elements................................................................................................... 103
6.2.3.1. Using Thermal Surface-Loading Elements..................................................................... 103
6.2.3.2. Using Contact Elements to Load Thermal Models ......................................................... 104
6.2.4.Thermal Control Element...................................................................................................... 104
6.2.5. Other Elements Useful in a Thermal Analysis......................................................................... 104
6.3. Elements for Acoustic Analysis...................................................................................................... 104
6.3.1. Acoustic Element Types........................................................................................................ 105
6.3.2. 3-D Acoustic Element Usage................................................................................................. 105
6.3.3. 3-D Acoustic Element Input.................................................................................................. 105
6.3.4. 3-D Acoustic Element Input Summary................................................................................... 108
6.3.5. 3-D Acoustic Element Item Output Data................................................................................ 109
6.3.6. 3-D Acoustic Element Assumptions and Restrictions............................................................. 111
6.3.7. 3-D Acoustic Element Product Restrictions............................................................................ 112
6.4. Elements for Electric and Magnetic Analysis................................................................................... 112
6.5. Elements for Diffusion Analysis...................................................................................................... 114
7. Element Library................................................................................................................................... 115
I. Element Library.................................................................................................................................... 117
5. SOLID5: 3-D Coupled-Field Solid....................................................................................................... 119
9. INFIN9: 2-D Infinite Boundary........................................................................................................... 129
11. LINK11: Linear Actuator.................................................................................................................. 133
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Element Reference
13. PLANE13: 2-D Coupled-Field Solid.................................................................................................. 137
14. COMBIN14: Spring-Damper............................................................................................................ 147
21. MASS21: Structural Mass................................................................................................................ 155
25. PLANE25: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 4-Node Structural Solid............................................................. 159
27. MATRIX27: Stiffness, Damping, or Mass Matrix................................................................................. 167
28. SHELL28: Shear/Twist Panel............................................................................................................ 173
29. FLUID29: 2-D Axisymmetric Harmonic Acoustic Fluid...................................................................... 179
30. FLUID30: 3-D Acoustic Fluid............................................................................................................ 185
31. LINK31: Radiation Link.................................................................................................................... 187
33. LINK33: 3-D Conduction Bar........................................................................................................... 191
34. LINK34: Convection Link................................................................................................................. 195
35. PLANE35: 2-D 6-Node Triangular Thermal Solid............................................................................... 201
36. SOURC36: Current Source............................................................................................................... 207
37. COMBIN37: Control........................................................................................................................ 211
38. FLUID38: Dynamic Fluid Coupling.................................................................................................. 221
39. COMBIN39: Nonlinear Spring.......................................................................................................... 225
40. COMBIN40: Combination ............................................................................................................... 233
41. SHELL41: Membrane Shell.............................................................................................................. 241
47. INFIN47: 3-D Infinite Boundary....................................................................................................... 249
50. MATRIX50: Superelement (or Substructure).................................................................................... 253
53. PLANE53: 2-D 8-Node Magnetic Solid............................................................................................. 257
55. PLANE55: 2-D Thermal Solid........................................................................................................... 267
61. SHELL61: Axisymmetric-Harmonic Structural Shell.......................................................................... 273
65. SOLID65: 3-D Reinforced Concrete Solid......................................................................................... 289
68. LINK68: Coupled Thermal-Electric Line............................................................................................ 299
70. SOLID70: 3-D Thermal Solid............................................................................................................ 305
71. MASS71:Thermal Mass................................................................................................................... 311
75. PLANE75: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 4-Node Thermal Solid............................................................... 315
77. PLANE77: 2-D 8-Node Thermal Solid............................................................................................... 321
78. PLANE78: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 8-Node Thermal Solid............................................................... 327
83. PLANE83: Axisymmetric-Harmonic 8-Node Structural Solid............................................................. 333
87. SOLID87: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Thermal Solid............................................................................ 341
90. SOLID90: 3-D 20-Node Thermal Solid.............................................................................................. 347
94. CIRCU94: Piezoelectric Circuit......................................................................................................... 353
96. SOLID96: 3-D Magnetic Scalar Solid................................................................................................ 361
97. SOLID97: 3-D Magnetic Solid.......................................................................................................... 367
98. SOLID98:Tetrahedral Coupled-Field Solid....................................................................................... 379
110. INFIN110: 2-D Infinite Solid........................................................................................................... 389
111. INFIN111: 3-D Infinite Solid........................................................................................................... 395
116. FLUID116: Coupled Thermal-Fluid Pipe......................................................................................... 401
121. PLANE121: 2-D 8-Node Electrostatic Solid..................................................................................... 413
122. SOLID122: 3-D 20-Node Electrostatic Solid.................................................................................... 419
123. SOLID123: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Electrostatic Solid.................................................................. 425
124. CIRCU124: Electric Circuit............................................................................................................. 431
125. CIRCU125: Diode.......................................................................................................................... 443
126.TRANS126: Electromechanical Transducer..................................................................................... 449
129. FLUID129: 2-D Infinite Acoustic..................................................................................................... 459
130. FLUID130: 3-D Infinite Acoustic..................................................................................................... 463
131. SHELL131: 4-Node Thermal Shell.................................................................................................. 467
132. SHELL132: 8-Node Thermal Shell.................................................................................................. 475
136. FLUID136: 3-D Squeeze Film Fluid Element................................................................................... 483
138. FLUID138: 3-D Viscous Fluid Link Element..................................................................................... 495
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Element Reference
139. FLUID139: 3-D Slide Film Fluid Element......................................................................................... 499
144. ROM144: Reduced Order Electrostatic-Structural.......................................................................... 505
151. SURF151: 2-D Thermal Surface Effect............................................................................................ 509
152. SURF152: 3-D Thermal Surface Effect............................................................................................ 519
153. SURF153: 2-D Structural Surface Effect.......................................................................................... 529
154. SURF154: 3-D Structural Surface Effect.......................................................................................... 537
156. SURF156: 3-D Structural Surface Line Load Effect.......................................................................... 547
157. SHELL157:Thermal-Electric Shell.................................................................................................. 553
159. SURF159: General Axisymmetric Surface....................................................................................... 559
160. LINK160: Explicit 3-D Spar (or Truss).............................................................................................. 569
161. BEAM161: Explicit 3-D Beam......................................................................................................... 573
162. PLANE162: Explicit 2-D Structural Solid......................................................................................... 587
163. SHELL163: Explicit Thin Structural Shell......................................................................................... 593
164. SOLID164: Explicit 3-D Structural Solid.......................................................................................... 605
165. COMBI165: Explicit Spring-Damper............................................................................................... 611
166. MASS166: Explicit 3-D Structural Mass.......................................................................................... 615
167. LINK167: Explicit Tension-Only Spar.............................................................................................. 617
168. SOLID168: Explicit 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid.......................................................... 621
169.TARGE169: 2-D Target Segment.................................................................................................... 627
170.TARGE170: 3-D Target Segment.................................................................................................... 635
171. CONTA171: 2-D 2-Node Surface-to-Surface Contact...................................................................... 647
172. CONTA172: 2-D 3-Node Surface-to-Surface Contact ..................................................................... 665
173. CONTA173: 3-D 4-Node Surface-to-Surface Contact...................................................................... 683
174. CONTA174: 3-D 8-Node Surface-to-Surface Contact...................................................................... 701
175. CONTA175: 2-D/3-D Node-to-Surface Contact............................................................................... 719
176. CONTA176: 3-D Line-to-Line Contact............................................................................................ 739
177. CONTA177: 3-D Line-to-Surface Contact....................................................................................... 755
178. CONTA178: 3-D Node-to-Node Contact......................................................................................... 769
179. PRETS179: Pretension................................................................................................................... 793
180. LINK180: 3-D Spar (or Truss).......................................................................................................... 797
181. SHELL181: 4-Node Structural Shell................................................................................................ 805
182. PLANE182: 2-D 4-Node Structural Solid......................................................................................... 821
183. PLANE183: 2-D 8-Node or 6-Node Structural Solid......................................................................... 829
184. MPC184: Multipoint Constraint Element....................................................................................... 837
184link. MPC184-Link/Beam: Multipoint Constraint Element: Rigid Link or Rigid Beam.......................... 843
184slid. MPC184-Slider: Multipoint Constraint Element: Slider.............................................................. 849
184revo. MPC184-Revolute: Multipoint Constraint Element: Revolute Joint........................................... 853
184univ. MPC184-Universal: Multipoint Constraint Element: Universal Joint.......................................... 863
184slot. MPC184-Slot: Multipoint Constraint Element: Slot Joint........................................................... 873
184poin. MPC184-Point: Multipoint Constraint Element: Point-in-plane Joint........................................ 881
184tran. MPC184-Trans: Multipoint Constraint Element:Translational Joint........................................... 889
184cyl. MPC184-Cylin: Multipoint Constraint Element: Cylindrical Joint................................................. 897
184plan. MPC184-Planar: Multipoint Constraint Element: Planar Joint................................................... 909
184weld. MPC184-Weld: Multipoint Constraint Element:Weld Joint...................................................... 921
184orie. MPC184-Orient: Multipoint Constraint Element: Orient Joint................................................... 927
184sphe. MPC184-Spherical: Multipoint Constraint Element: Spherical Joint......................................... 933
184gen. MPC184-General: Multipoint Constraint Element: General Joint............................................... 939
184scr. MPC184-Screw: Multipoint Constraint Element: Screw Joint...................................................... 949
185. SOLID185: 3-D 8-Node Structural Solid......................................................................................... 959
186. SOLID186: 3-D 20-Node Structural Solid........................................................................................ 975
187. SOLID187: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid...................................................................... 991
188. BEAM188: 3-D 2-Node Beam........................................................................................................ 997
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189. BEAM189: 3-D 3-Node Beam....................................................................................................... 1017
190. SOLSH190: 3-D 8-Node Structural Solid Shell.............................................................................. 1037
192. INTER192: 2-D 4-Node Gasket..................................................................................................... 1047
193. INTER193: 2-D 6-Node Gasket..................................................................................................... 1051
194. INTER194: 3-D 16-Node Gasket................................................................................................... 1055
195. INTER195: 3-D 8-Node Gasket..................................................................................................... 1061
200. MESH200: Meshing Facet............................................................................................................ 1065
201. FOLLW201: Follower Load........................................................................................................... 1071
202. INTER202: 2-D 4-Node Cohesive.................................................................................................. 1075
203. INTER203: 2-D 6-Node Cohesive.................................................................................................. 1079
204. INTER204: 3-D 16-Node Cohesive................................................................................................ 1083
205. INTER205: 3-D 8-Node Cohesive.................................................................................................. 1087
208. SHELL208: 2-Node Axisymmetric Shell........................................................................................ 1091
209. SHELL209: 3-Node Axisymmetric Shell........................................................................................ 1101
212. CPT212: 2-D 4-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure Mechanical Solid..................................................... 1111
213. CPT213: 2-D 8-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure Mechanical Solid..................................................... 1117
214. COMBI214: 2-D Spring-Damper Bearing...................................................................................... 1123
215. CPT215: 3-D 8-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure Mechanical Solid..................................................... 1131
216. CPT216: 3-D 20-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure Mechanical Solid ................................................... 1137
217. CPT217: 3-D 10-Node Coupled Pore-Pressure Mechanical Solid................................................... 1143
220. FLUID220: 3-D Acoustic Fluid 20-Node Solid Element.................................................................. 1149
221. FLUID221: 3-D Acoustic Fluid 10-Node Solid Element.................................................................. 1151
223. PLANE223: 2-D 8-Node Coupled-Field Solid................................................................................ 1153
226. SOLID226: 3-D 20-Node Coupled-Field Solid............................................................................... 1169
227. SOLID227: 3-D 10-Node Coupled-Field Solid............................................................................... 1185
230. PLANE230: 2-D 8-Node Electric Solid........................................................................................... 1201
231. SOLID231: 3-D 20-Node Electric Solid......................................................................................... 1207
232. SOLID232: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Electric Solid........................................................................ 1213
233. PLANE233: 2-D 8-Node Electromagnetic Solid ............................................................................ 1217
236. SOLID236: 3-D 20-Node Electromagnetic Solid............................................................................ 1227
237. SOLID237: 3-D 10-Node Electromagnetic Solid............................................................................ 1237
238. PLANE238: 2-D 8-Node Diffusion Solid........................................................................................ 1247
239. SOLID239: 3-D 20-Node Diffusion Solid....................................................................................... 1251
240. SOLID240: 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Diffusion Solid..................................................................... 1255
241. HSFLD241: 2-D Hydrostatic Fluid................................................................................................ 1259
242. HSFLD242: 3-D Hydrostatic Fluid................................................................................................ 1267
251. SURF251: 2-D Radiosity Surface.................................................................................................. 1273
252. SURF252: 3-D Radiosity Surface.................................................................................................. 1277
263. REINF263: 2-D Smeared Reinforcing............................................................................................ 1281
264. REINF264: 3-D Discrete Reinforcing............................................................................................. 1289
265. REINF265: 3-D Smeared Reinforcing............................................................................................ 1297
272. SOLID272: General Axisymmetric Solid with 4 Base Nodes........................................................... 1305
273. SOLID273: General Axisymmetric Solid with 8 Base Nodes........................................................... 1313
278. SOLID278: 3-D 8-Node Thermal Solid.......................................................................................... 1321
279. SOLID279: 3-D 20-Node Thermal Solid........................................................................................ 1333
281. SHELL281: 8-Node Structural Shell.............................................................................................. 1345
285. SOLID285: 3-D 4-Node Tetrahedral Structural Solid with Nodal Pressures..................................... 1359
288. PIPE288: 3-D 2-Node Pipe........................................................................................................... 1365
289. PIPE289: 3-D 3-Node Pipe .......................................................................................................... 1383
290. ELBOW290: 3-D 3-Node Elbow.................................................................................................... 1401
300. USER300: User-Defined Element................................................................................................. 1417
Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 1419
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Element Reference
Index...................................................................................................................................................... 1421
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