ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 Final Determination

80 Pages·2011·0.9 MB·English

by  Mike Parker

PNNL-20456
Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1-2007 Final
Determination Quantitative Analysis

M Halverson E Richman
B Liu D Winiarski

May 2011

PNNL-20456

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1-2007 Final
Determination Quantitative Analysis

M Halverson E Richman
B Liu D Winiarski

May 2011

Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy
under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, Washington 99352

Summary
The United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) conducted a final quantitative analysis to
assess whether buildings constructed according to the requirements of the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
(ASHRAE)/Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Standard 90.1-2007 would
result in energy savings compared with buildings constructed to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-
2004. The final analysis considered each of the 44 addenda to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-
2004 that were included in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007. All 44 addenda processed by
ASHRAE in the creation of Standard 90.1-2007 from Standard 90.1-2004 were reviewed by DOE, and
their combined impact on a suite of 15 building prototype models in 15 ASHRAE climate zones was
considered. Most addenda were deemed to have little quantifiable impact on building efficiency for the
purpose of DOE’s final determination. However, out of the 44 addenda, 9 were preliminarily determined
to have measureable and quantifiable impact.
A suite of 225 computer energy simulations for building prototypes complying with ASHRAE 90.1-
2004 was developed. These prototypes were then modified in accordance with these 9 addenda to create a
second suite of corresponding building simulations reflecting the same buildings compliant with Standard
90.1-2007. The building simulations were conducted using the DOE EnergyPlus building simulation
software. The resulting energy use from the complete suite of 450 simulation runs was then converted to
energy use intensity (EUI, or energy use per unit floor area) metrics (Site EUI, Primary EUI, and energy
cost intensity (ECI)) results for each simulation. For each version of the Standard, these energy use
intensities were then aggregated to a national basis for each prototype using construction-floor-area based
weighting factors developed for each of the 15 U.S. climate zones using commercial construction data.
When compared, the resulting weighted energy use intensities showed that each of the 15 building
prototypes used less energy under Standard 90.1-2007 than under Standard 90.1-2004 on a national basis
when considering site energy, primary energy, or energy cost. The energy use intensities were also
aggregated across building types to a national commercial building basis using the same weighting data.
On a national basis, the final quantitative analysis estimated a floor-space-weighted national average
reduction in new building energy consumption of 3.9 percent for source energy and 4.6 percent when
considering site energy. A 3.9 percent savings in energy cost, based on national average commercial
energy costs for electricity and natural gas, was also estimated. These final results support a positive
determination of energy savings for Standard 90.1-2007.

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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AFUE annual fuel utilization efficiency
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ARI Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BECP Building Energy Codes Program
Btu British thermal units
CAV constant air volume
cfm cubic feet per minute
CBECS Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
ECB energy cost budget
ECI energy cost intensity
EIA Energy Information Administration
EPCA Energy Policy and Conservation Act
EPACT Energy Policy Act (of 1992)
EUI energy use intensity
FCU fan coil unit
ft2 square feet
hp horsepower
h hour(s)
in. wc inches water column
HVAC heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
kBtu kilo British thermal unit
kW kilowatt(s)
kWh kilowatt hour(s)
LPD lighting power density
PBA principal building activity
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
PTAC packaged terminal air conditioner
PTHP packaged terminal heat pump
SHGC solar heat gain coefficient
SRI Solar Reflectance Index
SSPC Standing Standards Product Committee
TMY typical meteorological year
U.S. United States
VAV variable air volume
W watt(s)

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Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................................................... iii
Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... v
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1.1
2.0 Background ................................................................................................................................... 2.1
3.0 Determination Process .................................................................................................................. 3.1
4.0 Addenda in Standard 90.1-2007 ................................................................................................... 4.1
5.0 Simulation Methodology .............................................................................................................. 5.1
6.0 Building Types and Model Prototypes ......................................................................................... 6.1
7.0 Inclusion of Addenda by Building Type ...................................................................................... 7.1
7.1 Ventilation ............................................................................................................................ 7.1
7.2 Equipment Efficiency and Mandatory Federal Efficiency Standards .................................. 7.2
8.0 Modeling of Specific Addenda ..................................................................................................... 8.1
8.1 Addendum 90.1-04c – Vestibules ........................................................................................ 8.1
8.2 Addendum 90.1-04q – Off-Hour Controls Exception for Hotel/Motel Removed ............... 8.3
8.3 Addendum 90.1-04v – Update for Demand-Controlled Ventilation Requirements ............. 8.4
8.4 Addendum 90.1-04ac – Fan Power Requirements ............................................................... 8.5
8.5 Addendum 90.1-04ai – Lighting in Retail Buildings ........................................................... 8.7
8.6 Addendum 90.1-04an – Boiler Efficiency Change .............................................................. 8.9
8.7 Addendum 90.1-04ar – Part Load Fan Power Limitation Modification .............................. 8.10
8.8 Addendum 90.1-04as – Opaque Envelope U-Factors Updates ............................................ 8.11
8.9 Addendum 90.1-04at – Fenestration Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and
U-Factor Updates ................................................................................................................. 8.11
9.0 Simulation of Prototypes and Extraction of Results ..................................................................... 9.1
10.0 Development of Weighting Factors .............................................................................................. 10.1
11.0 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 11.1
11.1 Ventilation Assumption Sensitivity ..................................................................................... 11.4
Appendix A - Vestibule Requirement and Door Infiltration Modeling ................................................ A.1
Appendix B - Development of Additional Lighting Power for the Strip Mall Prototype ..................... B.1

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Tables
4.1 Addenda to ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, Changes Identified ................................................. 4.2
6.1 ASHRAE Commercial Reference Building Models ................................................................... 6.1
7.1 Addenda Included in Quantitative Analysis and Affected Building Models .............................. 7.4
8.1 Special Consideration Addenda .................................................................................................. 8.1
8.2 ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Vestibule Requirement for All Prototypes in Each Zone* ........................ 8.3
8.3 ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Vestibule Requirement for All Prototypes in Each Zone* ........................ 8.3
8.4 Rules for Establishing Fan Power in Quantitative Analysis Simulations ................................... 8.6
8.5 Internal Lighting Power Density Used in Building Models ........................................................ 8.8
8.6 Boiler Efficiency Assumptions Used in Quantitative Analysis .................................................. 8.10
8.7 Coefficients for VAV Part-Load Curves ..................................................................................... 8.11
10.1 Relative Construction Volume Weights for 15 ASHRAE Building Prototypes
by Climate Zone .......................................................................................................................... 10.2
11.1 Estimated Energy Use Intensity by Building Type – 2004 Edition ............................................ 11.1
11.2 Estimated Energy Use Intensity by Building Type – 2007 Edition ............................................ 11.2
11.3 Estimated Percent Energy Savings with 2007 Edition – by Building Type ................................ 11.3
11.4 Estimated Energy Use Intensity by Building Type – 2004 Edition ............................................ 11.4
11.5 Estimated Energy Use Intensity by Building Type – 2007 Edition ............................................ 11.5
11.6 Estimated Percent Energy Savings with 2007 Edition – by Building Type ................................ 11.5

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