VSP STANDARDIZATION ROADMAP FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES VERSION 1.0 Prepared by the Electric Vehicles Standards Panel of the American National Standards Institute APRIL 2012 [this page intentionally left blank] Table of Contents Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................7 Executive Summary...............................................................................................................11 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................17 1.1 Situational Assessment for Electric Vehicles........................................................................17 1.2 Roadmap Goals for EVs and Charging Infrastructure...........................................................19 1.3 Roadmap Boundaries..........................................................................................................20 1.4 Roadmap Audience.............................................................................................................21 1.5 Roadmap Structure.............................................................................................................21 2. Background......................................................................................................................25 2.1 How the Roadmap was Developed......................................................................................25 2.2 Entities Operating in the EV Standards Space......................................................................26 2.2.1 U.S.‐based SDOs..............................................................................................................................27 2.2.2 Non U.S.‐based SDOs......................................................................................................................28 2.2.3 U.S. Federal Government Agencies.................................................................................................29 2.2.4 Other Cross‐Sector Initiatives.........................................................................................................30 3. Identification of Issues.....................................................................................................33 3.1 Vehicle Domain...................................................................................................................33 3.1.1 Energy Storage Systems..................................................................................................................34 3.1.1.1 Power Rating Methods...................................................................................................34 3.1.1.2 Battery Safety..................................................................................................................34 3.1.1.3 Battery Testing – Performance and Durability................................................................34 3.1.1.4 Battery Storage, Packaging, Transport and Handling.....................................................35 3.1.1.5 Battery Recycling.............................................................................................................35 3.1.1.6 Battery Secondary Uses..................................................................................................36 3.1.1.7 Crash Tests/Safety...........................................................................................................36 3.1.2 Vehicle Components.......................................................................................................................37 3.1.2.1 Internal High Voltage Cables, On‐Board Wiring, Component Ratings and Charging Accessories.......................................................................................................37 3.1.2.2 Vehicle Diagnostics – Emissions......................................................................................37 3.1.2.3 Audible Warning Systems...............................................................................................37 3.1.3 Vehicle User Interface.....................................................................................................................37 3.1.3.1 Graphical Symbols...........................................................................................................38 3.1.3.2 Telematics – Driver Distraction.......................................................................................38 3.1.3.3 Fuel Efficiency, Emissions, and Labeling.........................................................................38 ANSI EVSP Standardization Roadmap for Electric Vehicles Page 3of 122 3.2 Infrastructure Domain........................................................................................................38 3.2.1 Charging Systems............................................................................................................................39 3.2.1.1 Wireless Charging...........................................................................................................39 3.2.1.2 Battery Swapping............................................................................................................40 3.2.1.3 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)......................................................................40 3.2.1.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC).............................................................................42 3.2.1.5 Vehicle as Supply.............................................................................................................42 3.2.1.6 Use of Alternative Power Sources...................................................................................43 3.2.2 Infrastructure Communications......................................................................................................43 3.2.3 Infrastructure Installation...............................................................................................................48 3.2.3.1 Site/Power Capacity Assessment....................................................................................48 3.2.3.2 EV Charging and Parking ‐ Urban Planning.....................................................................48 3.2.3.3 Charging Station Permitting............................................................................................48 3.2.3.4 Environmental and Use Conditions.................................................................................49 3.2.3.5 Ventilation ‐ Multiple Charging Vehicles.........................................................................49 3.2.3.6 Guarding of EVSE.............................................................................................................50 3.2.3.7 Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities to EVSE..........................................................50 3.2.3.8 Cable Management.........................................................................................................50 3.2.3.9 EVSE Maintenance..........................................................................................................50 3.2.3.10 Workplace Safety............................................................................................................50 3.3 Support Services Domain....................................................................................................51 3.3.1 Education and Training...................................................................................................................52 3.3.1.1 Vehicle Emergency Shutoff, Including Labeling of High Voltage Batteries, Power Cables, and Disconnect Devices...........................................................................53 3.3.1.2 Labeling of EVSE and Load Management Disconnects...................................................53 3.3.1.3 OEM Emergency Response Guides.................................................................................53 3.3.1.4 Safe Battery Discharge Recharge in Emergencies...........................................................53 3.3.1.5 Workforce Training.........................................................................................................54 4. Gap Analysis of Standards, Codes, Regulations, Conformance Programs and Harmonization Efforts...........................................................................................................55 4.1 Vehicle Domain...................................................................................................................55 4.1.1 Energy Storage Systems...................................................................................................................56 4.1.1.1 Power Rating Methods...................................................................................................56 4.1.1.2 Battery Safety..................................................................................................................56 4.1.1.3 Battery Testing ‐ Performance and Durability................................................................59 4.1.1.4 Battery Storage, Packaging, Transport and Handling.....................................................60 4.1.1.5 Battery Recycling.............................................................................................................62 4.1.1.6 Battery Secondary Uses..................................................................................................62 4.1.1.7 Crash Tests/Safety...........................................................................................................63 4.1.2 Vehicle Components.......................................................................................................................63 ANSI EVSP Standardization Roadmap for Electric Vehicles Page 4of 122 4.1.2.1 Internal High Voltage Cables, On‐Board Wiring, Component Ratings and Charging Accessories.......................................................................................................63 4.1.2.2 Vehicle Diagnostics – Emissions......................................................................................66 4.1.2.3 Audible Warning Systems...............................................................................................67 4.1.3 Vehicle User Interface.....................................................................................................................68 4.1.3.1 Graphical Symbols...........................................................................................................68 4.1.3.2 Telematics – Driver Distraction.......................................................................................69 4.1.3.3 Fuel Efficiency, Emissions and Labeling..........................................................................70 4.2 Infrastructure Domain........................................................................................................71 4.2.1 Charging Systems............................................................................................................................71 4.2.1.1 Wireless Charging...........................................................................................................71 4.2.1.2 Battery Swapping............................................................................................................71 4.2.1.3 Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)......................................................................72 4.2.1.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC).............................................................................80 4.2.1.5 Vehicle as Supply.............................................................................................................81 4.2.1.6 Use of Alternative Power Sources...................................................................................82 4.2.2 Infrastructure Communications......................................................................................................83 4.2.3 Infrastructure Installation...............................................................................................................89 4.2.3.1 Site Assessment/Power Capacity Assessment................................................................89 4.2.3.2 EV Charging and Parking ‐ Urban Planning.....................................................................91 4.2.3.3 Charging Station Permitting............................................................................................91 4.2.3.4 Environmental and Use Conditions.................................................................................93 4.2.3.5 Ventilation ‐ Multiple Charging Vehicles.........................................................................94 4.2.3.6 Guarding of EVSE.............................................................................................................95 4.2.3.7 Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities to EVSE..........................................................95 4.2.3.8 Cable Management.........................................................................................................96 4.2.3.9 EVSE Maintenance..........................................................................................................96 4.2.3.10 Workplace Safety Installation.........................................................................................97 4.3 Support Services Domain....................................................................................................97 4.3.1 Education and Training...................................................................................................................97 4.3.1.1 Vehicle Emergency Shutoff, Including Labeling of High Voltage Batteries, Power Cables, and Disconnect Devices...........................................................................97 4.3.1.2 Labeling of EVSE and Load Management Disconnects...................................................98 4.3.1.3 OEM Emergency Response Guides.................................................................................99 4.3.1.4 Safe Battery Discharge / Recharge in Emergencies........................................................99 4.3.1.5 Workforce Training.........................................................................................................99 5. Summary of Gaps and Recommendations......................................................................105 6. Next Steps – A Living Document....................................................................................112 Appendix A. EV Charging Actors and Communications........................................................113 Appendix B. Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations.........................................................119 ANSI EVSP Standardization Roadmap for Electric Vehicles Page 5of 122 [this page intentionally left blank] Acknowledgments The following professionals are acknowledged for their contributions and support to the development of this roadmap and for their participation in project meetings and teleconferences. The roadmap was developed based on their collective inputs, following a consensus process, and does not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations listed. The employment status and affiliations of participants with the organizations referenced are subject to change. AEYCH LLC Hank McGlynn (SAE) Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Giedrius Ambrozaitis, Nadia Anderson American National Standards Institute Joe Bhatia, Rachel Howenstine, Gary Kushnier, Jim McCabe, Brian Meincke, Fran Schrotter, Jana Zabinski, Tony Zertuche Poul Andersen Consulting Poul Andersen Argonne National Laboratory Theodore Bohn (DOE) Association of Global Automakers John Cabaniss, Julia Rege ATIS Thomas Payne, Paul Savitz Audi AG Martin Conrads Avalon Group Peter Blumen Better Place Inbal Fried, David Katz, Liran Katzir, Frank Kitzantides Cadex Electronics Inc. Joern Tinnemeyer (SAE) California Public Utilities Commission Matthew Crosby, Adam Langton Chrysler Rich Scholer (SAE) Con Edison John Shipman Corning James E. Matthews, III, Dr. Mark Soulliere Coulomb Technologies, Inc. Shantanu Kothavale,* Richard Lowenthal CSA America Bill Lowe, Shawn Paulsen, Cliff Rondeau Dale Kardos & Assoc. Inc. Dale Kardos* (Global Automakers) Delphi David Lambert (SAE) Duke Energy Gary Stuebing Eaton Matt Guth, Kevin Lippert Edison Electric Institute Steven Rosenstock Electric Power Research Institute John Halliwell Energetics Fred Wagner (DOE) Ericsson Stephen Hayes (ATIS) FirstEnergy Corp. Stephen Briggs General Electric Phil Piqueira, Heather Pugliese, Patrick Salas General Motors Gery Kissel (SAE), Todd Mackintosh (SAE), Galen Ressler (SAE), Keith Schultz (SAE) General Services Administration James Vogelsinger Georgetown Climate Center Cassandra Powers Gregory C. Nieminski, LLC Greg Nieminski (EPRI) Green Dot (Transportation) Inc. Satyajit Patwardhan Don Heirman Consultants Don Heirman ANSI EVSP Standardization Roadmap for Electric Vehicles Page 7of 122 Honda Tommy Chang (Global Automakers) Hubbell John Goodsell, Dennis Oddsen, Brian Rock Idaho National Laboratory James Francfort (DOE), Diana Grauer (DOE), John Smart (DOE), Brent E. Warr (DOE) IEEE William Ash, Andy Dzord, Russ Lefevre Integro‐USA John Bogart International Assn of Electrical Inspectors David Clements, Keith Lofland International Code Council Bruce E. Johnson, David Karmol, Kim Paarlberg Intertek Rich Byczek,* Tim Hubbard, Tom O’Hara, David Tobias Itron, Inc. Ed Eckert ITT Interconnect Solutions Lee Wolfel Jamac, Inc. Mark McGory (SAE) Magna E‐Car Bob Galyen,* Jeff Patterson, Beth Sommers, John Theofanopoulos Maxim Jim LeClare Mercedes‐Benz USA John Tillman Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs Zafer Sahinoglu Mitsubishi Motors Corporation Bowu Reed Motorcycle Industry Council Mel Stahl Nanotube Technologies K.T. Huang National Grid Mary Reidy (IEEE) National Electrical Contractors Assn Robert Colgan, Michael Johnston National Electrical Manufacturers Assn Ryan Franks, Harry Massey, Andrei Moldoveanu, Paul Molitor,* Steve Molitor National Fire Protection Association Bill Burke, Christian Dubay, Mark Earley,* Andrew Klock, Paul May, Bob Vondrasek, Ken Willette* National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Phil Gorney National Institute of Standards & Technology Dr. Allen Hefner, Dr. Jeffrey Mazer, Nancy McNabb, Mary H. Saunders, Eric Simmon National Science Foundation Paul Werbos Nissan USA Eloi Taha (Global Automakers), Joe Thompson (Global Automakers) P3 North America Arthur Holland (SAE) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Krishnan Gowri (DOE) Qualcomm Mark Klerer ReCharge Power King Heiple Rocky Mountain Institute Ben Holland SAE International Peter Byk,* Tim Mellon, Jack Pokrzywa, Gary Pollak,* Keith Wilson* Schneider Electric Alan Manche,* James T. Pauley SEW‐Eurodrive Tim Schumann Siemens Chun Fan, Rick Kluth, John Young Sony Electronics, Inc. Dr. Paul J. Hearty Southern California Edison Deeyu Chen, Richard Cromie, Richard Hodson, Joshua McDonald, Jose Salazar, Jordan Smith ANSI EVSP Standardization Roadmap for Electric Vehicles Page 8of 122 ST Microelectronics James Allen (HomePlug Powerline Alliance, IEEE) TDI Power John Santini ThinkSmartGrid Mike Coop TUV SUD Canada Erik Spek (VdTÜV) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Joseph Bablo,* Sonya Bird, Kenneth Boyce, Kent Donohue, Laurie Florence,* Alan Hoover, Chris Pauly U.S. Department of Energy Keith Hardy, David Posner, Lee Slezak U.S. Department of Homeland Security Ashley Moore VdTÜV Sebastian Oertel Virginia Tech Transportation Institute Andrew Alden, Darrell Bowman, Frank Della Pia, Andrew Marinik VSE Corp Elliot Goodman Xtensible Solutions Wayne Dennison *Asterisk following a name denotes Working Group Co‐Chair. Parentheses signify participation on behalf of an organization. Thanks and acknowledgment are given for the financial and in‐kind support and participation of all the organizations that supplied experts to this initiative. Without the contributions of these individuals and their collective expertise, particularly those that chaired the various working groups and that participated actively, this final deliverable would not have been possible. Special acknowledgment and appreciation are given to Jim Matthews of Corning and Jim Pauley of Schneider Electric for serving as the EVSP co‐chairs. Their guidance in helping to shape the initiative, lead its proceedings, and build consensus for the final deliverable were instrumental in reaching a successful outcome. Very special thanks go to Fred Wagner of Energetics who spent many hours editing the document and synthesizing the various inputs into a coherent report. Appreciation is given to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for the effective project management that kept this initiative on track and allowed for a successful delivery of the final publication in a timely manner, particularly from Jim McCabe and Rachel Howenstine. ANSI EVSP Standardization Roadmap for Electric Vehicles Page 9of 122 [this page intentionally left blank]
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