ANS Newsletter Winter 1992

12 Pages·1992·1.1 MB·English

by  American Numismatic Society

ANS
NEWSLETTER
THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
Broadway at 155th Street, New York, NY 10032 [phone] FAX [phone] Winter 1992
San Antonio
Symposium Success
The Symposium on Mexican Coinage
and Finance, held in San Antonio, Texas,
on January 24 and 25, was a very suc¬
cessful cooperative effort of the American
Numismatic Society and the First Wednes¬
day Numismatic Study Group of San An¬
tonio. The Symposium was presented as
a memorial to Robert E. Medlar, a prom¬
inent San Antonio numismatist and
member of both organizations, who died
last year.
Medlar was a strong supporter of ANS
activities and had initiated the idea of a
joint venture between the ANS and his
study group before his death. The study
group, named for its regular meeting on
the first Wednesday of each month, was
founded in 1974 and now has over 25
members from the San Antonio and Austin
area who meet for shared learning and
good fellowship.
The Symposium on Mexican Coinage
A NS President R Henry Norweb, Jr. with Seminar alumni Virginia M DaCosta, Warren Schultz, and Gilbert Slack and Finance was first presented by the
ANS at its museum in New York in
November 1990, in celebration of the Mex-
(Continued on page 2)
Seminar Alumni Present Program
The Society’s January 11 public meeting spoke on “The Minters Under Henry II
was devoted to presentations by three of England.” His paper explored the
alumni of the 1991 Graduate Seminar. careers and status of English minters of
This was the second in what promises to Henry II’s Tealby coinage using both
be an ongoing series of “Graduate numismatic and documentary sources.
Seminar Conferences” designed to make Warren Schultz, of the University of
the work of Society students more accessi¬ Chicago, discussed “A Crisis in Mamluk
ble to the membership at large. Copper.” His paper represented a new,
Virginia M. DaCosta, of the Universi¬ metrological approach to the copper cur¬
ty of California at Santa Barbara, rency, for which few weights have
presented “Five Roman Empresses: heretofore been recorded.
Chronology and Style.” She focused on the The papers were introduced by the
interplay between provincial coinages and curators who supervised the work of the in¬
those of the mint of Rome in an attempt dividual students, and the event was
to refine chronology and demonstrate por¬ followed by a reception and informal din¬
trait transmission. ner that included staff, students, spouses
Gilbert Stack, of Fordham University, and guests. Robert E Medlar
2
(San -t ntonio, continued from page 1) attended this event, as did ANS Councillor a “historical tool. ’’ He referred to the new
Margo Russell, former editor of Coin ANS Long-Range Plan that emphasizes
World, out of respect for and friendship outreach of our staff and resources to a
with the Medlars. wider audience. He welcomed this Sym¬
In his talk, Freeman Craig, a specialist posium as an opportunity for “interchange
and dealer in Latin American coins, as well and reciprocity” between our staff and
as a native son of San Antonio, reminisced serious numismatists outside the museum.
warmly about the “old time” local dealers He praised Bob Medlar as a leader among
and applauded Bob Medlar’s profes¬ numismatic dealers and collectors, referr¬
sionalism and efforts to educate collectors. ing to Medlar’s assuming founding and
He went on to give an informal talk on leadership roles in numerous numismatic
“An Overview of Crown-Sized Mexican organizations.
Coinage from Philip II to 1968.” Craig is
currently working on a book about crowns Papers Varied in Content
of the Americas.
The academic program offered three
recognized authorities on Mexican coinage
Conference and Exhibition
and Finance: Richard G. Doty, Curator at
at Witte Museum
the Smithsonian Institution, who
The Symposium program, which took presented, “Juaristas, Imperialistas, and
place on January 25 at the Prassel Centavos: Decimalization and Civil War
Betty Medlar, Honorary Chairman of the Symposium with
Auditorium of the Witte Museum through in Mexico, 1857-1870”; Clyde Hubbard,
R H Rockholt.
the cooperation of the San Antionio co-author with T.V. Buttrey of A Guidebook
ico in New York Festival. At the invitation Museum Association, was arranged by of Mexican Coins 1822 to Date (a sixth edi¬
of the San Antonio group, the Society George His, one of the conference tion is now in preparation), discussed
reconvened the program in Texas, which organizers. The entire program was ably “Unpublished Patterns from the Collec¬
has a great many collectors and moderated by Mr. Burnett. Before in¬ tion of the Casa de Moneda de Mexico”;
numismatists especially interested in this troducing the speakers, Burnett observed and John M. Kleeberg, Associate Curator
subject. The ANS is enthusiastic about that there were six Garza pieces on display of Modern Coins and Currency at the
such local initiatives "*for cooperative at the moment, an unusually large ANS, whose topic was, “International
programs. number. These coins were issued by Jose Bullion Movements during the Napoleonic
Antonio de la Garza in 1818, with the Wars: the Mexican Silver Scheme of the
Preceded by Banquet authority of the Spanish government. That Financier Gabriel-Julien Ouvrard.”
authority from the Spanish, Burnett Richard Doty spoke about the transition
The academic program was preceded on
argued, made them coins—not tokens. from the real/escudo system to the decimal
Friday evening by a congenial reception
These were among the First coins to be system, which was extremely confused in
and banquet for 60 guests at the elegant
struck in the territory of what is now Mexico. The matter was complicated fur¬
St. Anthony Hotel in San Antonio. Davis
Texas. ther because the introduction of decimal
Burnett, Symposium Chairman and Mrs.
Burnett introduced Stan Medlar, Bob’s coinage, in 1853, was overtaken by the
Betty Medlar, Honorary Chairman,
son, who described his father as a French intervention. The liberals, who had
welcomed the gathering. Tributes were
“raconteur,” someone for whom the ap¬ originally supported decimalization, con¬
made to Bob Medlar by Burnett, R. Henry
peal of numismatics was always the history tinued striking pre-decimal coins in the
Norweb, Jr., President of the ANS, and
behind the piece. mints they controlled, to curry popular
Freeman Craig, Jr., who was also the
President Norweb picked up on that favor. Maximilian and his French
keynote speaker for the evening. ANS
theme in a short address about the pur¬ reformers, in contrast, tried to impose a
Councillor John Kroll, Professor of
poses and goals of the ANS, when he stated decimal system. They also introduced
Classics at the University of Texas, Austin,
that the Society considers numismatics as steam coinage; Morgan and Orr of
Philadelphia sent a steam-operated coin
press to Mexico in 1864. This was a
peculiar act, since at the time the United
States was threatening to send troops to its
southern border to help drive Maximilian
out of Mexico. The political confusion is
reflected in the coins. For example, the
1868 one centavo is considered a pattern,
yet it usually occurs worn, and in a late die
state; the 1869 one centavo, by contrast,
is often found in uncirculated condition.
The pre-decimal coins continued after
1873, when coinage of the eight real piece
resumed, in response to complaints from
the Far East. Only in 1898 did Mexico
cease minting the eight real, renaming it
the peso.
Clyde Hubbard discussed many
Prom left, /Mots Burnett, Symposium Chairman and Moderator, Oen Nelson; Rohm Ellis; and Ray Whyborn, President
(Continued on p<sge 6)
of the Texas Numismatic Association
3
Strong Response to 1991/92
ANS Annual Giving
ANS members have sent a deluge of tion” and urges all members to support the
generous contributions to this year’s An¬ campaign with a contribution. This year’s
nual Giving campaign in response to Presi¬ goal is $110,000; we hope to surpass it.
dent Norweb’s appeal letter. In the first
month of the campaign, more than 130 This Coin Atlas Could Be Yours
good friends of the Society have con¬
Would you like a free copy of The Coin
tributed $48,500.
Atlas? Thanks to ANS Councillor and An¬
Annual Giving co-chairmen, Allen F.
nual Giving co-chairman, Joseph R.
Lovejoy andjoseph R. Lasser, report that ANA President Edward C. RocheUe, here with ANS Presi¬
Lasser, you can own this remarkable dent R Henry Norweb, Jr., was a welcome guest at the
many of the gifts received have come from
reference book in exchange for an Annual Graduate Seminar Conference held at the Society on January 11
first-time donors to the Annual Giving
Giving gift of $250 or more. A comprehen¬
fund. They are pleased to note the growth
sive history and geography of coinage writ¬
in support for ANS programs among a
ten by a team of experts from the British
ANA SUMMER COURSES
wider constituency. They also acknowledge
Museum, The Coin Atlas has more than
an increase in the size of the average gift
1,800 illustrations and 100 maps, and is
to Annual Giving. As well, many faithful For the twenty-fourth consecutive year,
thoroughly cross-referenced.
members have once again made contribu¬ the American Numismatic Association is
There are a limited number of these
tions and Messrs. Lovejoy and Lasser ex¬ offering summer courses in various aspects
handsome books still available, so please
press their gratitude for this regular and of numismatics. The program, scheduled
send your Annual Giving contribution of
continuing support. The outpouring of for July 11-17, takes place at ANA head¬
at least $250 now, so that you will not be
generosity has come in response to Presi¬ quarters in Colorado Springs. Among new
disappointed. Everyone who has already
dent Norweb’s December letter to all offerings this year is “A Survey of Asian
received the Atlas has been delighted with
members, outlining the new Long-Range Numismatics from Turkey to Japan,” con¬
its usefulness and beauty.
Planning Report and stressing “the fun¬ ducted by George Fisher and William F.
damental link’’ between Annual Giving Spengler.
and the Society’s Long-Range Plan. The Information and registration forms are
Long-Range Planning Report sets goals available from the ANA, 818 N. Cascade
and priorities for every aspect of the Socie¬ Av., Colorado Springs, CO 80903.
ty’s operations, ranging from computeriza¬ T H 1
tion of research activities and ad¬
ministrative functions, to creating a new
Committee on Museum Education and
Outreach. ATLAS
In his letter, Norweb states,“scholarly
research has always been the core of the SOCIETY HOST TO
ANS’s purpose. On the brink of the
ART HISTORY CLASS
twenty-first century, the Long-Range Plan
recognizes the need to actively develop a
On November 19, a class in Early
broader audience, while continuing the
Medieval Art History from Montclair
highest criteria for academic work.” To
State College visited the Society. Professor
meet this challenge, the Long-Range Plan
Elizabeth Valdez del Alamo had concen¬
calls for development in three major areas:
trated on the arts of the Migration Period,
financial resources, computerization, and
and brought her students to the Society to
audience outreach. V* l \ • ■ '• • •' I
K '• I % V ' 1 ' • >1 view coins of the period as well as to the
Norweb’s letter outlines how Annual
Hispanic Society of America, located with
Giving can help “turn these plans into ac-
the ANS at the Audubon Terrace Cultural
Complex, to examine Visigothic artifacts.
SPELL OUT ANS
At the ANS, curator Alan Stahl gave the
group a slide-illustrated introduction to
The Post Office requests that cor¬ Late Roman coinage and the issues of the
respondents spell out American Street; New York, NY 10032-7598. successor states in Europe, especially the
Numismatic Society when addressing mail That the ANS is synonymous with Ostrogoths, Franks and Visigoths. He then
to us. It seems that our acronym, im¬ numismatics is indicated by the volume of proceeded to a discussion of the coins from
mediately familiar to everyone in our mail directed to us by the Post Office ad¬ the Sutton Hoo burial in England, which
discipline, is not at all unique nor dressed “Coins, New York” and the like. had been a subject of special study by the
recognizable to postal employees even In keeping with our tradition of service, we class. The students then examined Byzan¬
within our zip code. The Society’s com¬ either answer all such mail or, to the best tine and early medieval coins in the World
plete mailing address is: The American of our ability, direct it to the intended of Coins exhibit in the Society’s West Ex¬
Numismatic Society; Broadway at 155th recipient. hibit Hall.
4
Library Notes Planned Giving Profile : Kenneth L. Edlow
The Library’s manuscript and rare book
holdings have been considerably enriched It is our pleasure to recognize one of the
by several recent gilts. ANS President R. American Numismatic Society’s most
Henry Norweb, Jr., has donated five thoughtful and generous friends, Kenneth
manuscript ledgers in which are recorded L. Edlow.
the contents of the renowned Norweb col¬ He has recently amended his estate
lection. The ledgers, which were begun in plans and written us his intentions to make
the late 1930s, were maintained by Mrs. a $250,000 bequest to the Society. This
Emery May Norweb and Mr. R. Henry planned gift is the latest in a history of
Norweb, Sr. with assistance from their generous gifts Edlow and his wife Mary
children Albert, Jeanne and R. Henry have made to the ANS.
Norweb, Jr. The ledgers include an inven¬ In support of the ANS Endowment
tory of earlier acquisitions made by Emery Campaign, the Edlows contributed two
May’s father, Albert Holden, who passed named gifts, one in honor of his father,
away in 1913. There are 16,999 items Ellis Edlow, and another in memory of his
listed in the ledgers reflecting the collec¬ brother, Robert Blair Edlow. Both of these
tion’s strengths in the areas of United gifts are commemorated with bronze
States, Canadian, Latin American, and plaques in the designated areas of the
English coins. For most of the entries there Society’s museum. In addition, Edlow’s
is information regarding denomination, on-going leadership gifts to ANS Annual
metal, date, description, condition, source Giving show his awareness of the impor¬
of purchase, and price. The acquisition of tance of such gifts to the continued ex¬
the Norweb ledgers, following as it does on cellence of our world-class research
the recently acquired Brand ledgers and institution.
correspondance, establishes the ANS An ANS member since 1972, Edlow was Society Fellow Kenneth L. Edlow.
Library as the resource for serious study elected a Fellow of the Society in April
of the major private numismatic collections 1991. He has served on the Foundation
MEMBERS ADDED TO ROLLS
formed in America. Committee in conjunction with the ANS
Endowment Campaign and currently is an
Funds Donated for Purchase active member of the Planned Giving Ad¬ At its meeting of January 11, the Socie¬
visory Committee. ty’s Council elected 23 new Associates and
Thanks to an extraordinary team effort
reinstated 3 former members. Those
led by ANS member Anthony Terranova
A Numismatic Family elected are: Todd A. Ballen, Kalamazoo,
and joined by ANS Councillors Harry W.
MI; William H. Bates, Novato, CA; Carl
Bass, Joseph R. Lasser, and Donald G. Edlow was exposed to serious collecting
D. Bayuk, Clinton, NJ; Jan Carol Cren¬
Partrick, the Library received the funds by his father who has an exceptional col¬
shaw, Houston, TX; MarkJ. Dumic, Bel¬
needed to purchase “The New lection of obsolete banknotes. Kenneth
mont, MA; Marilyn Finstein, Highland
Netherlands Coin Company Archives” at Edlow appreciates the knowledge and
Park, NJ; Klaus Fleischmann, Houston,
the George Kolbe auction sale of pleasure to be had from collecting and has
TX; Edmund Goldshinsky, Hamden, CT;
December 8th. This extremely important introduced his twelve-year old son Brian
Ellen J. Greenburg, Forest Hills, NY; and
acquisition includes bid books, invoices, to programs at the ANS. Last spring, both
Marc Guitmann, Edgewater, NJ.
correspondence, inventories, and other Kenneth and Mary Edlow accompanied
Also, Susan M. Hagadorn, Ypsilanti,
papers pertaining to the sales held by the Brian’s class to the ANS for a hands-on
MI; Wilfried Hauser, Duisbur, GER¬
New Netherlands Coin Company from educational program with Dr. Carmen
MANY; Harold F. Hutton, N. Miami
1943 until 1976. John Adams, a major Arnold-Biucchi, Curator of Greek Coins,
Beach, FL; Henry S. Kim, Cambridge,
authority on United States auction sales, as enrichment to the class curriculum on
MA; Alberto Lunardon, Marostica, ITA¬
has described the New Netherlands ancient Greece. Their daughter, Elizabeth,
LY; Beverly Philip Mazze, New York,
catalogs as having “set standards of is a student at the University of Penn¬
NY; Robert A. Mundell, New York, NY;
scholarship and care that have never been sylvania, Kenneth’s alma mater. Edlow,
Frank J. Novak, Chicago, IL; John F.
exceeded.” The Library’s acquisition of an investment banker, is the Secretary of
Ogburn, Greenville, SC; and Francisco
the New Netherlands Archives will provide The Bear, Stearns Companies, Inc., in
Partos, Porto Alegre, BRAZIL.
a unique resource for the study of major New York City, where he has devoted the
Also, Jyoti Rai, Bellmore, NY; David
collections and the pedigrees of important major part of his career. Mary Edlow is a
Gomez Sobelman, Poughkeepsie, NY; and
coins. Through the generosity of P. Scott social worker at Mt. Sinai Medical Center
the Universita Cattolica, Milano, ITALY.
Rubin of Lawrenceville, NJ, the Library in New York City.
has also received a manuscript ledger of the The Edlows are committed to cultural,
Three Reinstated
New Netherlands Coin Company in which educational, and social causes and active¬
coin and currency purchases for the period ly support these interests with their in¬ In addition the following were reinstated
1940 to 1946 are listed. Phis unique ledger volvement and philanthropy. The as Associate Members of the Society: Nabil
will be kept with the New Netherlands American Numismatic Society is indeed Asfar, Brussels, Belgium; Robin M
Coin Company Archives, fulfilling Mr. fortunate to enjoy the participation of Ken¬ Jensen, Newton Centre, MA; and James
neth L. Edlow and his family. Todesca, New York, NY.
(Continued on page 5)
5
SPANISH NUMISMATIST AT ,
(Library continued from page 4)
ANS
Rubin’s wish that numismatists “find in
one place this important pedigree and pric¬
From January 8 to January 23 the Socie¬ ing information.”
ty was host to Prof. Marfa Paz Garcfa-
Bellido of the Centro de Estudios Bryan Money Archive
Historicos, Consejo Superior de Investiga-
William Kable, a member of the Library
ciones Cientfficas in Madrid. Garcla-
Committee, has donated to the Library a
Bellido has been working on identification
collection of source documents to be known
of Iberian and Roman coins from the col¬
as the “Farran Zerbe Bryan Money Ar¬
lection of Rafael Cervera y Royo, which
chive.” These documents include cor¬
are among the 10,000 coins of ancient
respondence to and from Zerbe, both
Spain on permanent loan to the Society
typescript copies and handwritten notes,
from the Hispanic Society of America.
mostly of the 1920s and 1930s. Among the
Cervera’s collection was one of the finest
correspondents are Thomas O. Mabbott,
ever assembled, and casts and rubbings of
Julius Guttag, Howland Wood, James
his pieces were central to A. Vives y
Purcell, M. H. Bolender, Henry Chap¬
Escudero’s La Moneda Hispanica. The rub¬
man, and Stuart Mosher. Much of the
bings, which are preserved in an archive cerning find spot.
material included was intended as a sup¬
in Madrid, have permitted identification With the assistance of ANS Chief
plement to Zerbe’s 1926 work on Bryan
of the pieces, and in some cases corrections Curator William E. Metcalf, Prof. Garcla-
money. Since the supplement was never
of the readings; these are complemented Bellido hopes to publish the reconstituted
published, the present grouping of
by a manuscript catalogue of the collection, collection under the joint sponsorship of
materials will prove of extreme use to
also now in the possession of the ANS, the Hispanic Society of America and the
anyone wishing to update Zerbe’s work.
which frequently includes information con- ANS.
From Harvey, Norman, and Lawrence
Stack we have received photocopies of the
personal papers of Charles E. Barber. The
papers include correspondence and draw¬
GERT RISPLING STACK numismatic studies leading to the
ings from 15 different countries to Charles
discovery that a large proportion of the
MEMORIAL SPEAKER
E. Barber relative to the making of dies
Viking coin finds came not from Islamic
and coins for these nations. The gift also
lands but from a mint at the capital of the
Gert Rispling, Research Antiquarian for includes copies of Barber’s personal note
eastern Bulgars on the Volga River. A
the Board of National Antiquities, book describing U.S. coins in his collec¬
preliminary report on this research was
Stockholm, Sweden, and a specialist in tion and a note book on U.S. medals which
presented at the International Numismatic
Islamic coinage, is scheduled to present the he possessed and on which he worked:
Congress in London in 1986 and Rispling
Joseph B. and Morton M. Stack Memorial
has continued to refine his conclusions
Lecture at the ANS on Saturday, April 11. Kagan Donates Early Editions
toward the report that he will present at
The subject of his illustrated talk is “Im¬
the ANS on April 11.
Continuing to provide support for the
itations of Islamic Coins by the Volga
The Joseph B. and Morton M. Stack
Library’s acquisition of antiquarian
Bulgars in the Tenth Century.”
Memorial Lecture is presented at the ANS
numismatic works, Jonathan Kagan has
Rispling is considered one of the most
each April through the courtesy of the
generously donated the 1534 edition of
innovative scholars in Islamic numismatics
Stack family of New York. A reception will
Joannes Huttichius’s Imperatorum et caesarum
and is the first to undertake a complete die
follow Rispling’s lecture.
vitae, cum imaginibus ad vivam effigiem expressis
catalogue and die-link study of a major
.... This work is one of the earliest in which
Islamic series, the dirhams of the eighth to
coins and medallions were used as the
tenth centuries. These dirhams comprise
primary means of illustration. Mr. Kagan
a major field of study in Sweden, being
has also donated Nils Keder’s Nummus
brought there in huge quantities by the
aureus antiquus (Leipzig, 1722) and J. F.
Vikings. Many are found in fragmentary
Barbadica’s Numismata virorum illustnum
form, making it essential to use die iden¬
(Padua, 1732) in which the achievements
tities for full attribution of all the pieces
of the Barbarigo family of Venice are
found in hoards.
detailed and illustrated numismatically.
This fine example of the printer’s and
Varied Academic Background
engraver’s art is described irr Brunet’s
Rispling’s numismatic career began in Manuale du Libraire as an “ouvrage magnifi-
1975, when he, as a student of law (and que.”
with a previous degree and teaching ex¬
perience in Arabic), took a part-time posi¬ Further Gifts Received
tion in the Royal Coin Cabinet assisting
Among the gifts of publications
with the project to publish all the Viking
presented to the Library by authors and
Age coin hoards found in Sweden, in¬
publishers are Paphos, Volume II: The Coins
cluding 70,000 Islamic and 155,000 ; /#
from the House of Dionysos, by Ino Nicolaou
medieval European coins. On obtaining
his law degree, he continued his (Continued on page 8)
6
(Symposium, continued from page 2)
remarkable patterns in the collection of the
Mexican mint. He observed that the
valuable early dollars of the United States
all have Mexican blood, because the U.S.
Mint obtained its silver by melting down
Mexican coins. He showed slides of
numerous muestras—trial strikes in tin sent
over from Spain to show the die sinker
what the coin should look like—lovely thin
cliches (uniface patterns) in gold of pro¬
posed eight escudos for Charles III, with
a thin golden beauty like Mycenaean death
masks; steel dies for gold coins (we can tell
they are for gold coins because the
monarch is wearing the order of the
Golden Fleece, which only occurs on gold
coins), and tests of the various punches us¬
ed, including the punches used to make up
the order of the Golden Fleece on the
reverse of the gold coins. Hubbard also
showed slides of the unique 1729 pattern
eight reales with the pillar design. He also
Speakers at the Saturday Symposium: John M Kleeberg, Richard G. Doty, and Clyde Hubbard.
showed slides of the dies for the 1769 half
grano copper patterns, suggesting that the major creditors. And who were its major led to increased hull insurance, strangling
Go stood for “grano,” rather than the creditors? No one other than the army con¬ the profitability of the trans-Adantic trade.
designer’s initials, as Dr. Pradeau sug¬ tractor, Gabriel-Julien Ouvrard. When these high costs, which reduced pro¬
gested. On many muestras, there is N. N. Kleeberg examined how numismatic fits, combined with a shortage of specie
in lieu of the assayer’s initials; this, Hub¬ evidence reflected the conditions of the because of the Mexican revolution, the hot
bard says, stands for the Latin word time, in particular how the counterstamp¬ industrial boom in Britain and Continen¬
“nomen”—in other words it tells the ing of Spanish dollars showed how the tal Europe came to an end. In autumn
assayer to put his initials there. private sector, particularly in Scotland 1810, one of the most eminent members
John Kleeberg related the Mexican (then in the throes of a powerful industrial of the London Stock Exchange, Abraham
silver scheme of Gabriel-Julien Ouvrard. boom) bid up the price of Spanish dollars Goldsmid, committed suicide. The follow¬
Ouvrard was perhaps the most brilliant versus the bank of England, so that the ing year the Bank of Vienna collapsed and
financier of the Napoleonic period, Bank was forced to increase its rate for Austria declared bankruptcy. In 1812,
although financial problems led him to be Spanish dollars in three important steps: however, Napoleon invaded Russia. When
overtaken by the Rothschilds. His most in¬ to 4 shillings and sixpence in 1797, by us¬ it became clear by autumn that he had
genious scheme was his plan to transport ing the Tower counterstamp; to five shill¬ been defeated, the tensions which had
Mexican silver to Europe. Spain owed ings in 1804, by having Boulton overstrike brought about such high interest rates eas¬
France money for subsidies, but Spain Spanish dollars; and finally, in 1811, to ed, and silver hoarders could release their
could not pay so long as she could not five shillings and sixpence. Boulton pro¬ supplies onto the market. One of the most
move silver from Mexico through the posed a new overstriking operation and important holders of silver, the East India
British blockade. Ouvrard proposed a struck patterns, but the Bank turned him Company, used the occasion to supply
roundabout method of moving the silver. down and instead issued silver tokens in New South Wales with Spanish dollars,
Some silver was moved directly to Britain. one shilling and sixpence and three which were made into the famous holey
Pitt was willing to allow this because he shillings—deliberately choosing these dollars. These provide us with one of the
wanted to make sure there was enough peculiar fractional denominations so that few records of what Spanish dollars from
silver in England to supply the needs of the the coins would not be exported. Private what mints were circulating in Europe at
East India Company. The other method silver tokens were also issued; Kleeberg the time, and a recent catalogue of holey
was to move silver indirectly. The silver showed an advertisement by Henry Ward dollars by Mira and Noble shows that over
would be sent from Veracruz to New of Blandford from a collection of public ninety percent were from Mexico.
Orleans. It would then be drawn upon by notices, and then an example of the token
American merchants, who would buy col¬ Ward actually issued. The Continent of
Exhibits Enhance Conference
onial products—sugar, cotton, tobacco— Europe resorted to paper money
and ship these products in American, that substitutes: Denmark was flooded with There were a number of fine exhibits at
is to say neutral, bottoms to Antwerp. fractional paper, Hungary with Wiener the conference. Outstanding was Pat
There it would be sold in Europe and the Banco-Zettel. On September 16, 1810, the Zabel’s exhibit of Mexican coins from
revenue deposited at Hope’s in Amster¬ priest Hidalgo attacked Spanish rule in ”E1 Carlos and Juana to the present day, which
dam. The American merchants would use Grito de Dolores.” analyzed the debasement of the intrinsic
this credit to repay Ouvrard’s loan of the The insurgency spread throughout Mex¬ value of the peso. Another fine exhibit was
silver. Ouvrard would then turn the money ico, disrupting the silver supply from the by Porter Montgomery, who displayed a
over to the Spanish government, who mines. The silver that Ouvrard and his im¬ collection of cobs in a replica he had made
would repay the French government. The itators could move to Europe was no longer of the bullion cases in the Lima mint. Bet-
French government could then repay its available. At the same time, privateering (Continued on page 7)
7
(Symposium, continued from page 6) BATES SPEAKS AT
ty Medlar displayed Mexican coins from TUBINGEN CONFERENCE
Bob Medlar’s own collection, in envelopes
written in his handwriting. These includ¬
“Oriental-Occidental Relations in
ed three Garza pieces, plus a gold cob
Monetary Circulation, Money, Trade,
which Medlar had attributed to the “Isle
and Coin Finds” was the topic of the first
of Patootie.’’
symposium at the new Research Center for
The Frost National Bank displayed
Islamic Numismatics (Forschungsstelle fur
monies of Texas, from Carlos and Juana
Islamische Numismatik) of Tubingen
to the present day. Outstanding from the
University. Among the participants was
Frost National Bank’s collection was a set
Michael Bates, ANS Curator of Islamic
of National Bank Notes from Texas, in¬
Coins, who delivered a paper on “The
cluding those issued by the Frost National
Quarter-Dinar: A Mediterranean Coinage
Bank itself. Jesse Garza displayed two Gar¬
of the 9th- 12th Centuries.” After a survey
za pieces, the small and large planchet
of the minting of the gold quarter dinar
varieties.
from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries
The American Numismatic Society ex¬ George His and Dan Kruger, who served on the Symposium by Muslims and Christians from Spain to
hibited its own example of the jola issued Organizing Committee Syria (including especially Italy, where the
by Jose Antonio de la Garza. This jola is Rockholt. Rockholt produced special edi¬ coin was called a “tari”), Bates examined
important because its pedigree is much tion sets of elongated and counterstamped more closely the beginnings of the
older than the others. Whereas many jolas coins in honor of this Symposium. The first denomination in ninth century Sicily. He
were found in a hoard uncovered in San two sets were presented to R. Henry showed that the earliest quarter dinars are
Antonio in the early 1960s (the story is con¬ Norweb, Jr. for the ANS and to Betty dated 264 Hijra. Previous attributions to
fused), the ANS coin was acquired as part Medlar. Each set consists of a Mexican 10 earlier dates are all erroneous. The coin¬
of the Howland Wood collection in 1917, centavo elongate, a U.S. 25 cent elongate cidence of this date with the Arab capture
using funds provided by Edward T. and a Mexican silver peso counterstamped of the Byzantine mint at Syracuse (A.D.
Newell. “FWNSG,” the initials of the First 878) suggests that the quarter dinar, about
In addition to Davis Burnett and George Wednesday Numismatic Study Group. 1.05 grams in weight, was in some sense
His, the ANS recognizes the contribution After a full day of intellectual stimula¬ a continuation of the Byzantine tremessis
of the following individuals to the fine tion, the participants were treated to a of Sicily, which had declined to about the
organization of this Symposium: Col. lovely reception sponsored jointly by Betty same average weight in the course of the
William B. Murray, Pat Zabel, Robin Medlar and President R. Henry Norweb ninth century.
Ellis, Daniel Kruger, Larry Sawlejenski, on behalf of the American Numismatic
Ric Medina, and R. H. “Rocky” Society.
Three-Day Symposium
About 20 other scholars, including
ANS Well Represented at AIA/APA Meeting
specialists in European and Islamic
medieval coinages, gave papers on the
Other alumni who addressed non- mutual influences of Christian and Islamic
The ANS was represented at the annual numismatic topics included Aileen Ajoo- money and exports of currency from one
meetings of the Archaeological Institute of tian (1986), McMaster University; Bar¬ region to the other, ranging from the
America and the American Philological bara Burrell (1974), University of Cincin¬ “Viking-Age” dirhams of the ninth to
Association by William E. Metcalf, Chief nati; John J. Dobbins (1979), University eleventh centuries to the Maria Theresa
Curator of the Society. In addition to at¬ of Virginia; Timothy E. Gregory (1971), thaler in the eighteenth.
tendance at various committee meetings Ohio State University; Robert L. The symposium, which lasted three
and sessions, Metcalf was host to the an¬ Hohlfelder (1962), University of Colorado; days, was organized by the director of the
nual reception for ANS friends and alum¬ Jacqueline F. Long (1987), University of Forschungsstelle, Lutz Ilisch, and spon¬
ni, this year attended by more than 50 Texas; Jennifer Neils (1977), Case sored by the Volkswagen Foundation
people. Western Reserve University; Jennifer A. which has funded the center to date. Bien¬
ANS students were prominent in the Sheridan (1987), St. Joseph’s College; nial symposia on Islamic numismatics are
program of the AIA. Among those who Roberta Stewart (1991), Dartmouth Col¬ only a part of the institute’s activities which
delivered papers were Councillor John H. lege; Barbara Tsakirgis (1982), Vanderbilt center on the Islamic collection of about
Kroll (Seminar, 1963) of the University of University; Donald Whitcomb (1975), The 32,000 coins assembled by ANS Fellow
Texas, who spoke on“Athenian Bronze Oriental Institute; and Susan E. Wood Stephen Album and purchased by Tub¬
Coinage and the Propagation of the Eleusi- (1976) Oakland University. In addition the ingen University in 1989. Ilisch has begun
nian Mysteries”; Brooks Emmons Levy Governing Board Dinner address, “Why work on the sylloge of the entire collection,
(1952) of Princeton University, who Korai?” was delivered by R. Ross the center has cosponsored courses on
discussed “Portrait of the Heir Apparent: Holloway (1957), Brown University; and Islamic numismatics for university
Geta or Caracalla?”; Jeffrey H. Lerner of Frances van Keuren (1979), of the Univer¬ students, and is now formulating plans to
the University of Wisconsin (1988), whose sity of Georgia, shared the James R. organize a program for training museum
topic was “A Hellenistic Mint in Sog- Wiseman Book Award for her book The curators and archaeologists from Islamic
countries. Meanwhile, the collection con¬
diana”; and Faith Ford Sandstrom of Frieze from the Hera I Temple at Foce del Sele.
Brown University (1989), who discussed Future meetings will be held in New tinues to grow by purchase and gift. Bates
the fourth century silver coinage of Orleans, December 27-30, 1992; and in is one of four members of the Beirat or ad¬
Cyzicus. Washington, December 27-30, 1993. visory committee of the center.
8
(Library, lonltnued from page 5) Mr. Van Laere. In his work The Coinage
and published by the Department of An¬ of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia, Den¬
Visitors
tiquities, Nicosia, Cyprus. The 839 coins nis Gill provides a monetary history of
excavated from the House of Dionysos are these African territories, a catalog of their Among those who have visited the
arranged chronologically and an appendix coins, medals, tokens, and paper money, Library’s reading rooms are Frances Van
of coins found in the Odeion, the Gymna- and a general historical survey of the area Keuren of the Department of Art, Univer¬
sion and the Asklepieion of Paphos is also from antiquity to the present day. A great¬ sity of Georgia, who is putting the finishing
included. From Guy Lacam we have ly expanded second edition of Odd and touches on her “Mint Study of the Late
received L 'Agonie de rome; Le maitre de iOc¬ Curious Money, by Charles Opitz has been Staters from Heraclea Lucaniae.” This
cident, un barbare Flavius Ricimerus, 455-472. added to our shelves and Lloyd Enten- study will be published in the “Actes” of
Ya'akov Mershorer’s The Coinage of Samana mann’s detailed study, Love Tokens as the International Numismatic Congress
tn the Fourth Century BCE was received from Engraved Coins, has also been received. held in Brussels this past September.
Numismatic Fine Arts, Los Angeles, CA. Paper money collectors will welcome a Robert Bauslaugh, Department of Modern
In La zecca di Bellinzona, Franco Chiesa of¬ new periodical entitled MRI Bankers ’ Guide Languages and Classics, Emory Univer¬
fers an exhaustive study of this mint and to Foreign Currency, published by Monetary sity, who is presently at the Institute for
its output during the sixteenth century Research International of Houston, TX. Advanced Study in Princeton, made use
while it was under the influence of the can¬ This quarterly publication is arranged of the Library’s auction holdings in
tons Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden. Allen alphabetically by nation and includes black searching out examples of the coinage of
G. Berman has produced two recent works and white illustrations of the paper curren¬ Aesillas the Quaestor for a corpus and die
on Papal numismatics, entitled Papal Coins cies used throughout the world. Introduc¬ study of the Aesillas coinage. Ya’akov
and Papal Numismatic History; The Emancipa¬ tory information found in each issue is Meshorer, Curator of Numismatics, Israel
tion of the Papal State (2nd ed.). Both works presented in four languages (i.e. English, Museum, paid several visits to the Library
are published by Attic Books, Ltd. of Spanish, Portuguese, and German) and in¬ during the autumn months while he was
South Salem, NY. From Raf Van Laere cludes guidance in detecting worthless cur¬ engaged in teaching at the Jewish
we have received Franc comme Tor; Catalogue rency and recognizing current, outmoded, Theological Seminary.
des monnaies d’or conservees au Cabinet des Mon- and redeemable notes. Import-export Readers wishing further information an
naies et Medailles de la Province du Limbourg, restrictions, foreign exchange rates, and any of the publications mentioned above
Tongres, an exhibition catalogue compiled currency abbreviations and symbols are should address their inquiries to the atten¬
by Simone Scheers, J. van Heesch, and also included in each issue. tion of the Librarian.
BENNINGTON STUDENT
CAMPBELL AND BATES
WORKS ON ANS MEDALS
CONSULT ON AAT STUDY
As in past years, the Society is par¬
ticipating in the Field Work Term program On October 20-21, 1991, Francis D.
of Bennington College in Vermont. All Campbell, Librarian, and Michael L.
Bennington students have to spend Bates, Curator of Islamic Coins, served as
January and February in an cff-campus in¬ consultants to the Art and Architecture
ternship, either in a public institution or Thesaurus Program of the Getty Art
a private firm. History Information Program, head¬
This year’s Bennington intern is Anne quartered in Williamstown, MA. The
Mueller, a second-year student from New AAT Program is developing a list of single
Orleans. Mueller has lived in Hamburg concepts arranged within facets (e.g.
and is President of Bennington’s German “Styles,” “Materials,” “Objects”) and
Club, so has been put to work on the in¬ displayed both hierarchically and
ventory of the Society’s collection of Ger¬ alphabetically. The concepts are intended
man medals. As volunteer William Kable for indexing and retrieval in art, architec¬
is working on the inventory of German ture and archives. AAT Program staff is
coins, the computerization of the German presently reviewing the “Exchange
collection, the most difficult of European Media” hierarchy and—in addition to
states in terms of complexity and reference Campbell and Bates—enlisted the services
materials, is well under way. of Richard Doty, Smithsonian Institution
Mueller spoke of her experience thus far: and Robert Hoge, American Numismatic
“My first two weeks here have been ex¬ Association, in the review process. Not the
citing and new. Presently, I am working first instance of cooperation between the
with German medals, which I find par¬ Society and AAT, Toni Petersen, AAT
ticularly interesting because I am German. Director, served as a member of the Ad¬
The people I am working with are wonder¬ visory Committee formed in connection
ful. They are full of unusual anti in¬ with the Library’s NEH funded project
teresting knowledge. I hope my following “American Numismatic Society; List ol
weeks here are as good as these first lew Subject Headings for Specialized Collec¬
Anne Mueller, Bennington College
have been.’’ tions in Numismatics.’’
9
ANS DONATIONS REFLECT “WINDOW OF
MICO KAUFMAN ELECTED
OPPORTUNITY” LIFE FELLOW
The Society’s Council, at its January 11
The ANS benefited handsomely during One of the most important additions to the meeting, elected Mico Kaufman of
the past year from gifts inspired by the Greek Department in many years, this col¬ Tewksbury, MA, a Life Fellow of the
special tax provisions enacted late in 1990. lection contributes significantly to the ANS. Kaufman is the 1992 recipient of the
The so-called “window of opportunity” Society’s already impressive Seleucid J. Sanford Saltus Medal Award for distin-
allows donors to the Society’s collections holdings, where the strength lies in our quished achievement in the art of the
to claim a deduction equal to the current precious metal issues. medal. He will be honored at a ceremony
market value of the gift for both regular on February 15 at the ANS. A retrospec¬
and alternative minimum tax purposes. U.S. Museums Benefit tive exhibit of Kaufman’s medallic work
Originally limited to 1991, this provision will open in the Society’s East Hall on that
The Society’s experience parallels that
has been extended through June 30, 1992, date and continue on view until April 4.
of many museums in the United States for
and efforts are underway to convince Con¬
whom 1991 proved a banner year for dona¬
gress that the special tax treatment for Baxter to Speak
tions to the collections. In contrast, most
donations to museum collections ought to
museums, including the ANS, had The Saltus meeting will be the occasion
be made permanent.
witnessed a radical decrease in gifts of ob¬ for an illustrated address by Barbara A.
jects since 1986, when gifts of appreciated Baxter on “The Coins and Medals of the
Over 2,400 Objects
property were made subject to the alter¬ World’s Columbian Exposition,
At least three donations, aggregating native minimum tax rules. The effect of 1892-1893.” An exhibit on the same theme
2,435 objects, were timed to take advan¬ this provision of the 1986 Tax Reform Act will open at the ANS on February 15. In
tage of the 1991 window. Harlan and has been to eliminate the appreciated gift addition there will be a special preview of
Pamela Berk of Oak Park, IL, donated a value of objects purchased some years prior the “USA Exhibition for FIDEM 1992”
stauraton and an eighth-stauraton of Con¬ to donation. In addition, donations of ap¬ on display. The Saltus Award ceremonies
stantine XI, and Prof, and Mrs. James H. preciated property often triggered the need begin at 3:00 PM and the public is invited
Schwartz of New York City donated 101 for the taxpayer to use the alternative to attend.
coins in memory of the late Frances M. minimum tax method of determining
Schwartz. The Schwartz gift ranged from federal tax liability. Both provisions proved Galst Converts to Life Fellow
Greek to modern coins, but focused on the imposing barriers to donors who would
Also at its January 11 meeting, the
Roman and Byzantine worlds and includ¬ otherwise wish to contribute to the nation’s
Council recorded the conversion to Life
ed an important selection of Vandal silver museums as witnessed by the outpouring
Fellow by Jay M. Galst of New York, NY.
and copper coins. of gifts to collections during 1991. The
Dr. Galst has been a member of the ANS
The largest gift came to us from Dr. ANS is grateful to its members and friends
since 1978 and was elected a Fellow, in
Henry C. Lindgren of San Francisco who who support our magnificent collections
1991. According to the Society’s By-Laws,
contributed 2,332 Greek, Phoenician, and and library through their continuing
Article 2.6, “any Fellow may become a
Roman Colonial bronze and silver coins. generosity.
Life Fellow by paying the sum of $500.”
LeRider Visiting Scholar for 1992 Graduate Seminar
The Visiting Scholar for the 1992 ANS mint during the hellenistic period.
Graduate Seminar will be Georges LeRider, who was awarded the Archer M.
LeRider, Professor at the Institut Huntington medal in 1968, has been a fre¬
d’Histoire of the Universite de Paris (IV) quent visitor to the Society over the years,
(Sorbonne). Le Rider, who has also been and a regular correspondent of successive
Conservateur-en-chef of the Cabinet des curators of the Greek collection; but this
Medailles and Directeur General of the will be his first term as Visiting Scholar.
Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, is best
Seminar Deadline March 1 4k
known for his work on hellenistic coinages,
r
and particularly for his monumental Le The application deadline for the Socie¬
monnaayage dargent et d’or de Philippe ler, ty’s 1992 Graduate Seminar in
frappe en Macedoine de 359 a 294 (Paris, Numismatics is March 1; announcement
1977). His distinguished scholarship was of the awards will be made by April 1. The
recognized in 1990 with his election to the Seminar is open to individuals affiliated
Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres with colleges and universities in the United
of the Academie Frangaise. States and Canada. Information and ap¬
LeRider’s visit is timely, for he is en¬ plication forms may be obtained from the
gaged, with Arthur Houghton of the Socie¬ Society. Participants in the Seminar pro¬
ty’s Council, in the “Antioch Project,” gram receive a $2,000 stipend; the Socie¬
which was described by Houghton at the ty also endeavors to provide travel sub¬
colloquium held in memory of Nancy sidies. The Graduate Seminar benefits
Waggoner in 1990. The objective is to from the generosity of Mr. and Mrs. Eric
document all tetradrachm issues of the P. Newman of St. Louis.
10
ANS Theater Party Scheduled March 20 DUES INCREASE VOTED
Noel Coward’s Private Lives ANS membership dues are set at $40
Charlesh duggan
by arrangement with MICHAEL CODfiON beginning in 1992 as the result of the
After a delightful evening in September
PRESENTS amendment to the Society’s By-Laws pass¬
at which 50 guests enjoyed dinner and a
JOAN COLLINS
ed at the January 11 Members Meeting.
Broadway show at the first ANS Theater
The relevant sections of Article II have
Party, ANS Councillor Donald G. Partrick SIMON JONES
been amended to read:
has scheduled an encore.
2. The annual dues of Fellows shall be For¬
On Friday, March 20, we will again IN
NOEL COWARD'S ty Dollars.
dine together at the elegant Barbetta
3. The annual dues of Associate Members
restaurant and proceed to the Broadhurst
PRIVATE LIVES shall be Forty Dollars; except that the an¬
Theater to see the wise and witty Noel
nual dues of an Associate Member under
Coward comedy, Private Lives. This pro¬
A Classic Comedy of Romance
age 31 who is registered as a student at a
duction stars Joan Collins and Simon
WITH degree-granting institution shall be Thir¬
Jones in the play which was certainly the EDWARD DUKE JILL TASKER
ty Dollars.
highlight of Coward’s playwriting career.
MARGIE RYNN
This time we could only secure 40 seats
SCENIC DESIGN COSTUME DESIGN UGMTWGKSGN Dues Renewal April 1
for the limited run of the play, so please LOREN SHERMAN WILLIAM IVEY LONG RICHARD NELSON
respond right away if you would like to join SOUND DESIGN TANGO Choreography Eight Direction The 1992 dues renewal forms have been
TOM MORSE MICHAEL SMUIN ELLEN SALAND
us. The ticket price per person for dinner mailed to all members. New this year is a
GENERAI MANAGEMENT PRESS REPRESENTATIVE CASTING
and theater is $250, of which $150 is a tax- MARVIN A. KRAUSS THE PETE SANDERS J0HNS0N-LIFF & tiered membership system according all
ASSOCIATES GROUP ZERMAN C.S.A.
deductible contribution to the ANS. For classes of members the opportunity to con¬
DIRECTED Bv
reservations, call Roxanne Greenstein, ARVIN BROWN tribute in addition to basic dues and be
[phone]. eligible for stated benefits specific to each
level of membership. Members may elect
to join the Bronze Circle at $100, the Silver
ANS ACTIVE AT
Circle at $250, or the Gold Circle at
MEDIEVAL CONFERENCE $1,000. The benefits of each level are
detailed on the renewal form. Dues
ANS HOSTS DINNER
payments should be made by April 1 to re¬
As in past years, the Society is sponsor¬
AT MESA main in good standing.
ing a numismatic session and members’
reception at the International Congress on
Medieval Studies, Western Michigan Michael L. Bates, Curator of Islamic
University, May 7-11. Coins, represented the ANS at the 1991
The session includes papers by two of Annual Meeting of the Middle East
COLUMBUS EXHIBIT AT
the students from last summer’s Graduate Studies Association in Washington, DC,
Seminar, who also spoke at the Society’s November 23-26. On the 26th, he hosted METROPOLITAN COIN
January 11 meeting. Gilbert Stack, a doc¬ a dinner attended by 13 Graduate Seminar SHOW
toral candidate in medieval history at Ford- alumni and other guests at the Katmandu
ham University will be speaking on Restaurant, specializing in Kash¬
On March 26-28, the Society will mount
“Moneyers in Anglo-Norman England,” miri/Nepali cuisine.
an exhibition of medals of the World’s Col¬
Warren Schultz, in the Middle Eastern The evening provided a chance for ex¬
umbian Exposition at the Metropolitan
Studies program of the University of students and other Islamic numismatic
Numismatic Convention in the Vista
Chicago, will give a talk entitled ‘‘A Cop¬ types to renew old friendships and establish
Hotel, New York City. The exhibit will be
per Coinage during the ‘Silver Famine’: new contacts. The guests included
an adaptation of the one which went on
Mamluk Egypt in the Late Fourteenth Chahryar Adle, Adel Allouche, Jere
view at the Society on the occasion of the
Century.” The third speaker will be E. Bacharach, Carol Bier (Seminar, 1977),
Saltus Medal Meeting on February 15; it
Tomlinson Fort, who will speak on ‘‘A Margaret D’Ambrosio, former Associate
will return to the ANS after the coin show
Periodic Coinage in Ninth-Century Librarian of the Society, Richard Doty,
and will be on display through April 11.
Wessex? The Dorking (Surrey) Hoard and former ANS Curator of Modern Coins,
The exhibit features pieces from the
the Coinage of Southern England, c. Renata Holod (1967), Nuha Khoury
Society’s extensive collection of medals
855-c. 875.” Fort is a doctoral candidate (1986), David Roxburgh (1991), Elizabeth
associated with the celebration of the four
at Saint Andrews University in Scotland Savage, Warren Schultz (1991), Jennifer
hundredth anniversary of Columbus’s
and is currently teaching at the New Ken¬ Schultz, and Stuart Sears (1987).
voyage, especially the World’s Columbian
sington Campus of Pennsylvania State Special thanks are due to Carol Bier who
Exposition in Chicago. Many of these
University. The session, scheduled for recommended the restaurant with its abun¬
(Continued on page 11)
Saturday, May 11 at 10 AM, has been dant delicious food and cozy ambiance.
organized by and will be chaired by ANS Next year’s MESA meeting will be in
Curator Alan Stahl. Portland, OR, and restaurant suggestions (non-numismatic) were presented at the
Further information and registration from ANS friends there are welcome. meeting by Schultz, Denise Spellberg
materials are available from Professor Ot¬ At the MESA meeting, Bates par¬ (1983), and Donald Whitcomb (1975),
to Griindler, The Medieval Institute, ticipated as Vice-President in the annual while Oleg Grabar (1952) and George
Western Michigan University, Kalama¬ business meeting of Middle East Scanlon (1955) served as discussants lor
zoo, MI 49008; [phone]. Medievalists and was reelected. Papers panels.