Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2011 PDF
Preview Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2011
Annual Update 2011 in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine Edited by J.-L. Vincent Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency 2011 Medicine Edited by J.-L. Vincent The series Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is the continuation of the series entitled Yearbook of Intensive Care Medicine in Europe and Intensive Care Medicine: Annual Update in the United States. Editor: Prof. Jean-Louis Vincent Head, Department of Intensive Care Erasme Hospital, Universite´ libre de Bruxelles Route de Lennik 808, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium ISBN 978-3-642-18080-4 eISBN978-3-642-18081-1 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-18081-1 ISSN 2191-5709 Springer HeidelbergDordrecht London New York Library of Congress ControlNumber: 2011920832 ˇ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialiscon- cerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsare liableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Productliability:Thepublisherscannotguaranteetheaccuracyofanyinformationabouttheapplicationof operativetechniquesandmedicationscontainedinthisbook.Ineveryindividualcasetheusermustcheck suchinformationbyconsultingtherelevantliterature. CoverDesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) V Table of Contents I Mechanisms of Sepsis and Multiple Organ Failure The Role of Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE) in Infection M.A.D. van Zoelen, A. Achouiti, and T. Van der Poll .............. 3 The Endocannabinoid System: A Janus-faced Modulator of Inflammation in the Intestinal Microcirculation C. Lehmann, V. Cerny, and M. Matejovic .......................... 16 Remote Ischemic Conditioning against Ischemia/reperfusion Injury P. Meybohm and B. Bein .......................................... 26 Hypoxia-inducible Factors and the Prevention of Acute Organ Injury S.N. Heyman, S. Rosen, and C. Rosenberger ....................... 37 II Coagulation System Are Microparticles Reliable Deleterious Effectors in Septic Coagulopathy? X. Delabranche, F. Toti, and F. Meziani .......................... 51 The Inflammatory Potential of Fibrin(ogen) and its Degradation Products C. Jennewein, N. Tran, and K. Zacharowski....................... 62 Iron Deficiency in Critically Ill Patients: Highlighting the Role of Hepcidin N. Heming, P. Montravers, and S. Lasocki ........................ 70 Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia in the ICU: An Overview Y. Sakr.......................................................... 80 III Acute Respiratory Failure The Next Generation of ALI Genetics: Insights into Pathophysiology N.J. Meyer and J.D. Christie ...................................... 97 Use of B-type Natriuretic Peptides in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Requiring Ventilatory Support F. Dachraoui, L. Ouanes-Besbes, and F. Abroug.................... 109 Acute Lung Injury in the ICU: Focus on Prevention I. Galvin and N.D. Ferguson...................................... 117 VI Table of Contents IV Endotracheal Intubation Rapid Sequence Intubation: Overview and Myths Versus Facts M.F. Yazbeck, J. Finkelstein J, and R.P. Dellinger ................. 131 Research Priorities in Oral Care for Endotracheally-intubated Patients S. Labeau and S. Blot ............................................ 144 V Ventilator Issues Pros and Cons of Assisted Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Lung Injury M. Gama de Abreu, P.R.M. Rocco, and P. Pelosi.................... 159 Can ‘Permissive’ Hypercapnia Modulate the Severity of Sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS? G. Curley, M. Hayes, and J.G. Laffey .............................. 174 NAVA: Why, When, Who? C. Sinderby and J. Beck .......................................... 188 Therapeutic Aerosols in Mechanically Ventilated Patients S. Ruickbie, A. Hall, and J. Ball .................................. 197 VI Cardiac Crises Cardiac Mitochondria and Heart Failure: The Chicken or the Egg S. Scolletta, B. Biagioli, and P. Giomarelli....................... 209 Evolving Rationale for Minimally-interrupted Chest Compressions during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation J.G. Wigginton, A.H. Idris, and P.E. Pepe .......................... 220 VII Renal Aspects Hypoalbuminemia as a Risk Factor for Acute Kidney Injury M. Joannidis and C.J. Wiedermann................................ 233 Developing Biological Markers: The Case of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase- associated Lipocalin in Acute Kidney Injury A.A.N.M. Royakkers, P.E. Spronk, and M.J. Schultz................. 242 Biomarkers of Acute Kidney Injury in Cardiorenal Syndromes A.K. Roy, B.A. McMahon, and P.T. Murray ......................... 251 Cardio-renal Syndromes: A Complex Series of Combined Heart/Kidney Disorders C.Y. Goh and C. Ronco ........................................... 263 Blood Purification in Sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients P.M. Honore´, N. Dobbeleire, and O. Joannes-Boyau ................ 273 VIII Fluids The Lymphatic Vasculature as a Participant in Microvascular Exchange J. Scallan and V.H. Huxley....................................... 287 Table of Contents VII The Interstitium and Lymphatics have an Important Role in Edema Generation during Sepsis Ø.S. Svendsen, R.K. Reed, and H. Wiig............................. 297 Fluid is a Drug that can be Overdosed in the ICU S.L. Goldstein................................................... 307 Crystalloid or Colloid Fluids: A Matter of Volumes? R.J. Trof and A.B.J. Groeneveld................................... 313 Meaning of Pulse Pressure Variation during ARDS J.-L. Teboul and X. Monnet....................................... 322 The Fluid Challenge M. Cecconi, B. Singer, and A. Rhodes ............................. 332 Facing the Challenge: A Rational Strategy for Fluid and Volume Management K. Heckel, M.S. Strunden, and D.A. Reuter ....................... 340 IX The Microcirculation Mitochondrial Function in Septic Shock M.A. Puskarich and A.E. Jones ................................... 355 How Can We Use Tissue Carbon Dioxide Measurement as an Index of Perfusion? E. Futier, J.-L. Teboul, and B. Vallet ............................. 366 Use of Non-invasive Tissue Oxygen Saturation Monitoring to Assess Cardiovascular Insufficiency X. Garcia, F.X. Guyette, and M.R. Pinsky.......................... 375 The Microcirculation of the Critically Ill Pediatric Patient A.P.C. Top, R.C. Tasker, and C. Ince................................ 380 X Cardiovascular Monitoring Heart Rate as Prognostic Marker and Therapeutic Target in MODS S. Nuding, K. Werdan, and H. Ebelt .............................. 393 Hemodynamic Monitoring in Cardiogenic Shock J. Poelaert...................................................... 406 Non-invasive Estimation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures by Doppler Echocardiography F. Clau-Terre´, J. Rello, and A. Evangelista ....................... 418 Hemodynamics from the Periphery S. Romagnoli, S.M. Romano, and D. Payen ......................... 424 Totally Non-invasive Continuous Cardiac Output Measurement with the Nexfin CO-Trek A. Perel and J.J. Settels.......................................... 434 Cardiac Output Monitoring: An Integrative Perspective J.A. Alhashemi, M. Cecconi, and C.K. Hofer....................... 443 VIII Table of Contents XI Perioperative Medicine Perioperative Hemodynamic Optimization N. Brienza, L. Dalfino, and M.T. Giglio ........................... 459 Perioperative Myocardial Ischemia/reperfusion Injury: Pathophysiology and Treatment S.G. De Hert and P.F. Wouters.................................... 471 XII Infection and Sepsis A New Approach to Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Based on the PIRO System I. Martin-Loeches, M. Ulldemolins, and E. Diaz .................. 481 Selective Decontamination of the Digestive Tract and Antibiotic Resistance E. de Jonge and E.H.R. van Essen ................................. 493 New Treatment Options against Gram-negative Organisms M. Bassetti, F. Ginocchio, and M. Mikulska ...................... 501 Antifungal Therapy in the ICU: The Bug, the Drug, and the Mug J.M. Pereira and J.A. Paiva ....................................... 516 Mycobacterial Sepsis and Multiorgan Failure Syndrome S. Jog, B. Pawar, and D. Patel ..................................... 531 Pentraxin 3 (PTX3): Possible Role in Critical Care Medicine T. Mauri, B. Bottazzi, and A. Pesenti ............................. 543 Role of IgM- and IgA-enriched Immunoglobulins in the Treatment of Sepsis and Septic Shock G. Berlot, M.C. Vassallo,and F. Tartamella ...................... 550 XIII Liver Failure Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients with Cirrhosis and Ascites S. Piano, F. Morando, and P. Angeli............................... 559 Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure: An Entity Still in Search of Itself? L. Verbeke, W. Meersseman, and W. Laleman ..................... 576 XIV Trauma and Emergency Medicine Cocaine Intoxication J.E. Hollander and A.M. Chang .................................. 591 Airway Management for Major Trauma C. Hommers and J. Nolan ........................................ 599 Goal-directed Coagulation Management in Major Trauma H. Schoechl, W. Voelckel, and C. Solomon ....................... 611 XV Neurological Aspects Understanding Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome S. Legriel, F. Pico, and E. Azoulay................................ 631 Table of Contents IX Prediction of Neurological Outcome after Cardiac Arrest C. Sandroni, F. Cavallaro, and M. Antonelli ..................... 654 Neuroprotection in Sepsis by Complement Inhibition and Immunoglobin Therapy F. Esen .......................................................... 664 Ethics in Disorders of Consciousness A. Demertzi, S. Laureys, and M.-A. Bruno ......................... 675 XVI Metabolic Disorders and Nutrition Metformin and Lactic Acidosis S. Vecchio, P. Papa, and A. Protti................................. 685 Energy Goals in the Critically Ill Adult S.L. Peake, E. Ridley, and M. Chapman ............................ 694 XVII ICU Organization and Management Frailty: A New Conceptual Framework in Critical Care Medicine R.C. McDermid and S.M. Bagshaw ................................ 711 Access Block and Emergency Department Overcrowding R. Forero, S. McCarthy, and K. Hillman .......................... 720 Triage of High-risk Surgical Patients for Intensive Care J. Sobol and H. Wunsch .......................................... 729 Transportation of the Critically Ill: Moving in the Right Direction P.G. Brindley and T. O’Leary ..................................... 741 Should we Still Order Chest X-rays in the ICU? V. Ioos, A. Galbois, and B Guidet ................................. 753 The Effect of Light on Critical Illness R. Castro, D.C. Angus, and M.R. Rosengart ....................... 766 Context Information in Critical Care G. Murias, B. Sales,and L. Blanch ............................... 781 XVIII The Future Ambient Intelligence in the Intensive Care Unit: Designing the Electronic Medical Record of the Future B.W. Pickering, J.M. Litell, and O. Gajic .......................... 793 Simulation in Critical Care Medicine: The Next Ten Years P.G. Brindley.................................................... 803 Intensive Care Medicine: Where We Are and Where We Want to Go? R.P. Moreno and A. Rhodes....................................... 813 Subject Index...................................................... 823 XI List of Contributors Abroug F Antonelli M Intensive Care Unit Department of Anesthesiology and CHU Fatouma Bourguiba Intensive Care Av. du 1er Juin Catholic University School of 5000 Monastir Medicine Tunisia Largo Gemelli 8 00168 Rome Achouiti A Italy Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine and Center for Infection and Azoulay E Immunity Intensive Care Department Academic Medical Center Hoˆpital St Louis Meibeergdreef 9, Room G2–130 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux 1105 AZ Amsterdam 75010 Paris Netherlands France Alhashemi JA Bagshaw SM Department of Anesthesia and Critical Division of Critical Care Medicine Care University of Alberta Hospital King Abdulaziz University 3C1.12 Walter C. Mackenzie Centre PO Box 31648 8440–122 Street 21418 Jeddah Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7 Saudi Arabia Canada Angeli P Ball J Department of Clinical and General Intensive Care Unit Experimental Medicine 1st Floor, St James’ Wing University of Padova St George’s Hospital Via Giustiniani 2 London SW17 0QT 35100 Padova United Kingdom Italy Bassetti M Angus DC Clinica Malattie Infettive Department of Critical Care Medicine A.O.U. San Martino University of Pittsburgh L.go R. Benzi 10 614 Scaife Hall 16132 Genoa 3550 Terrace Street Italy Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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