Table Of Content

SUBJECT INDEX A Allopatry, 199-200 phylogeny of, 168-70 Allosperm, 444 self-incompatibility in, 444 Aardvark, 283, 490 Allozyme electrophoresis Anglerfish Abiotic factor avian molecular systematics ceratioid, 505 photosynthetic pathway varia- and, 255-56 Animal tion and, 425-29 Allozyme adaptations to temporal varia- Abraham, R. H., 2 avian evolution and, 249-50 tion in resource abun- Abscisic acid cladistic character analysis of, dance, 367-71 delayed seed germination and, 252 gynodioecy in, 445 74 genetic variation monitoring hermaphroditic Acacia and, 224 selfing rate in, 441-60 seed longevity in, 72 Allozyme marker, 522, 534 inbreeding depression in, 452 Acoelomate, 508 Alpha-crystallin protein sequence Animal inbreeding, 442 Acrothoracican cirripede cladistic analysis of, 259 Animal phylogeny, 154-66 naupliar metamorphosis in, 94 Altitudinal migration, 370 Annelid Actinia Amborellaceae, 168 larvae of diversity among, 204 American black bear, 324 opposed band ciliary appa- Actinopterygian, 161 American cedar ratus of, 105 Actinotroch larva, 106 wind-dispersed seeds of ,7 4 miniaturization in, 503 Adams, W. T., 339 American mahogany relationships among, 164-65 Adapid primate, 475-76 wind-dispersed seeds of ,7 4 Anostracan crustacean Adaptation Ammonite, 507 nauplius larvae of, 93 phenotypic plasticity and, 36 Amniote phylogeny, 159-60 ANOVA phylogenetic definition of, Amphibian See Analysis of variance 594-95 hyperossification in, 509 Anser Adenanthera pavonina miniaturization in, 503 evolution rates among, 250 seed germination in, 75-76 sex determination systems in, Anseriform, 263 Adkins, R. M., 279-99 ecological analysis of, 595 Adultation, 91 Amphicarpa bracteata Anseriform-galliform clade, 259 Age structure disease-resistance lineages of, Anteater, 281, 489, 492 models of Antelope, 486 chaotic dynamics in, 12 Amphicyonid, 479, 483, 488 Antemus, 124 Agnathan phylogeny, 162 Amphioxus, 163 Anthoceros, 173 Agriculture LtRNA sequences for, 163- Anthozoan dispersal of house mouse and, 64 feeding planulae of, 96 3 Amynodontid, 483 Anthracotheres, 477, 479, 482- Ahlquist, J. E., 244-46, 248-49, Anagalid, 471-72 83, 488, 490 >“ Jd Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Anthropoid primate, 477, 481, Aide, T. M., 357 phenotypic plasticity and, 40- 607 Ailuropoda melanoleuca, 321, 41, 43 Antilocaprid, 488 Anarthriaceae, 422 Ant Albatross Anas platyrhynchos behavioral complexity in, 510 evolution rates among, 248 paraphyletic gene distribution caste systems in Alberch, P., 317, 504 and, 254 evolution of, 49 Albumin Anas rubripes Aphally, 445-46, 455-57 microcomplement fixation paraphyletic gene distribution Aphid and, 247 and, 254 host-plant alternation in, 315- Alga Anatid 16 green evolution rates among, 249 Apiales, 166 phylogeny of, 172-73, 175- Ancestral polymorphism, 538 Apodiformes, 259 77 Anchitherine, 488 Aquatic plant unicellular Anchitheriniiae, 479-80 crassulacean acid metabolism photoperiod in, 400-1 Anchitherium, 486 in, 421 Allelic disequilibrium, 525, Anderson, W. W., 549 Aquifoliaceae, 166 529, 535-39 Andersson, S., 222 Arabidopsis thaliana steady state variance in, 532- Andrews, P., 157 single gene effects in, 46 33 Androdioecy, 446 Arachnid Allelic variation Angiosperm, 170 miniaturization in, 503 population size and, 219 female fertility in, 445 Archaeogastropod Allometric growth, 404 hermaphroditic flowers of, nonfeeding larvae of Allometry 331-32 primitive traits of, 110 phylogenetic inference and, outcrossing distance in Archaeopteris, 170 597 fitness effects of, 231 Archonta, 279, 281, 285-88, 298 Allopatric speciation Paleocene, 470 Archontan hypothesis, 158 classic model of, 203 photosynthesis in, 421-22 Arctocyonid, 471 621 622 SUBJECT INDEX Arctostylopid, 472 Autocorrelation, 603 Behavioral drive Argyrolagid, 489 phylogenetic constraint and, diversification of birds and, Aridity 310-11 248 crassulacean acid metabolism Autogamy, 447, 454 Behavioral ecology and, 427-28 Autoregulatory morphogenesis, phylogenetic inference and, photosynthetic pathway varia- 38 597 tion and, 416-17 Autosperm, 444 Behrensmeyer, A. K., 469 Aristolochiaceae, 169 Avian molecular systematics, Bell, G., 332 Armadillo, 281, 477, 489 243-70 Benettitales, 168 Arnason, U., 285 allozyme electrophoresis and, Berry, R. J., 120 Amold, J., 521-52 255-56 Beta-globin gene cluster Arsinotheres, 490 congruence analysis and, 256- in hominoid species, 155-56 Artemia, 165 69 Bickham, J. W., 142 Arthropod distances, characters, and cla- Bifurcation diagram, 11-12 phylogeny of, 164-66 distics in, 251-53 BIOABSTRACTS, 259 Artificial selection DNA hybridization and, 255 Biodiversity phenotypic plasticity and, 35, DNA restriction enzyme analy- marine 47-48 sis and, 254-55 sibling species and, 204 Artiodacly-Cetacea clade, 279 DNA sequencing and, 253- Biogenetic law, 111 Artiodactyl, 283-85, 287-98, Biogeochemical cycle, 565 475-76, 479, 482-83, 486, forces in development of, 244- Biogeography, 245 489-90 53 Biological population relationships within, 157-59 microcomplement fixation periodic processes and, 14 Arundinoideae, 422 and, Biophysical interaction Ascaris, 165 molecular clock and, 246- complexity of, 575-79 Ascidian 51 Biotic pressure larvae of protein sequencing and, 256 phenology as adaptation to, development in, 111-12 Avian phylogeny, 243, 253, 260- miniaturization in, 503 69 Biparental inbreeding, 219, 448, self-incompatibility in, 445 higher-level 453-54 Asclepias exaltata estimates of , 256-69 intermediate selfing rates and, fertility in, 340-41 structure of, 259-60 paternity analysis of, 336-37 Avise, J. C., 245-46, 249, 254, Bird Ascothoracican 530, 545 ancestry of, 159 postnaupliar stage of ,9 4 attitudinal movements of, Asexual reproduction B 370 marine sibling species and, foraging behavior in 198 Babcock, S. K., 286 morphology and, 605 Asiatic black bear, 324 Baboon, 492 migratory Asimina, 169 Bacillus subtilis flowering of plants and, 357 Asmussen, M. A., 526-27, 539, single gene effects in, 46 miniaturization in, 503 546 Baker, A. J., 250 molecular systematics of, 243- Assortative mating, 522, 546- Baker, R. J., 142 70 48 Ballard, W. M., 112 nomadic behavior of, 370 Asteraceae Balsa tree seasonal breeding in, 369 chloroplast genome arrange- seeds of seasonal movements of, 369 ments in, 167 viability of, 71 sibling species among, 205-6 phylogeny of, 166-68 Bandicoot, 491 song frequency among Asterales Barbet, 266 body size and, 313 phylogeny of, 166-68 Barbourofelis, 488 Bird-of-paradise Asteridae, 166 Barclayaceae, 169 attitudinal movements of, 370 Asteroid Barley Birkes, D. S., 339 postlarval mouth of, 95 allelic combinations in, 525 Birkhead, T. R., 312 Asteroideae, 167 Barnacle Bivalve Astragalus linifolius metamorphosis in, 99 hybrid zones of, 200 inbreeding depression in, 226 Barnadesiinae larvae of pollinator visitation in, 227 chloroplast DNA of, 167 feeding, 108 Astragalus lonchocarpus Barrett, S. C. H., 220 nonfeeding, 106 pollinator visitation in, 227 Bat, 281, 478 opposed band apparatus of, Astrapotheres, 472, 477 diphyly of, 157 104-5 Astrocaryum mexicanum megachiropteran, 285 veliger, 96 seed germination in, 74 relationships among, 158 miniaturization in, 508 Atchley, W. R., 60 Baum, D., 594 morphologically similar/eco- Atriplex Bean weevil logically distinct clones photosynthesis in, 423 cyclic dynamics of, 26 in, 198 Attractor, 5 Bear, 283, 479, 488, 492 Black bear, 324 Auffray, J.-C., 119-42 neonate size Black duck Australo-Papuan passerine hibernation and, 321-25 paraphyletic gene distribution characteristics distinctive of, Bearded pig and, 254 245 nomadic behavior of , 370 Bledsoe, A. H., 243-70 Australopithecine, 493 Bear-dog, 479 Blowfly Austrobaileyaceae, 168 Beaver, 291 population dynamics of, 25-26 SUBJECT INDEX — 623 Bluegill hybrid swarm Bundle sheath cell (BSC), 413 CAM photosynthesis, 411-14 cytonuclear disequilibria in, glycine decarboxylase activity CAM plant 530 in, 419-20 structure/function associations Body size Burt, A., 314 in decrease in Bustard evolution of, 418-20 developmental basis of, 504 evolution rates among, 248 Camptostroma, 108 miniaturization of, 501-13 Byers, D. L., 227 Canadian lynx cycle consequences of, 505-7 chaotic dynamics in, 23 evolutionary significance Cc Cane rat, 291 of, 507-10 Canid, 479, 482-83, 492 Bog plant C; photosynthesis, 411-14 Canidae, 313 crassulacean acid metabolism C; plant Capacitation, 444 in, 421 carboxylation efficiency of, Capanna, E., 139, 142 Bolitoglossini, 512 418 Capitella Bonhomme, F., 119-42 competitive interactions of, diversity among, 204 Borhyaenoid, 472, 489 429-30 Capitonidae, 266 Botryllus differential herbivory and, Capra ibex ibex, 234 self-incompatibility in, 445 430-31 Caprimulgiformes, 259 Bottleneck photorespiration in, 413-15 Capuchin monkey population consequences of, low carbon dioxide concen- seasonal food scarcity and, 219-20 trations and, 411 369 rates of evolution and, 246 transpirational water loss in, Capybaras, 483 Bourost, P., 119-42 Carbon dioxide Bovid, 486, 490-91, 493 C; photosynthesis, 411, 412-14 atmospheric Bowerbird, 266 C, plant C, photosynthesis and, 411 Brachiopod, 162 competitive interactions of, photosynthetic pathway varia- larvae of 429-30 tion and, 416-17 feeding, 92-93 differential herbivory and, plant production and, 363 feeding apparatus of, 103-4 4 Carbon dioxide compensation upstream frontal cilia of, 97 photorespiration in, 413 point miniaturization in, 503 Rubisco reactions in, 413, 420 photorespiratory organelles Branta structure/function associations and, 419 evolution rates among, 250 in Carex bigelowii Breeding evolution of, 418-20 seed bank subpopulations in seasonal, 369 transpirational water loss in, genetic variation in, 222 Bremer, K., 167 Carnivora, 279, 283-85, 288-91, Brenowitz, E. A., 312-13 Cabombaceae, 169 298 Brittle star Cactaceae life history variables in vestigial skeletal rods of, crassulacean acid metabolism allometric/phylogenetic ef- 102 in, 421 fects on, 313 Britton-Davidian, J., 119-42 Caenogastropod Carnivoran, = 486, 492 Broecker, W. S., 566 larvae of miacoid,4 Bromeliaceae opposed band ciliary appa- Carnivore, 482.8 3, 486, 488, photosynthesis in, 424 ratus of, 105 490-92, 494 Bromeliad Caenolestid, 489 Carpenter, J. M., 609 crassulacean acid metabolism Caenorhabditis, 165 Carrying capacity, 9 in, 421 Caenorhabditis elegans Carteria, 177 Brontothere, 476, 479-80 cleistogamy and, 447 Caryophyllia Bronze Age, 131 single gene effects in, 46 feeding planulae of, 96 Brooks, D. R., 610 Cainotheres, 479 Caryota mitis Brosimum alicastrum Calamoichthys, 161 seed germination in, 74 seed germination in, 74 Calanoid copepod Casdagli, M Brown, R. H., 419 early stage embryos of, 108 Cassowary-emu clade, 260 Brown, W. V., 422, 427 Calanus Cassowary-emu-kiwi clade, 260 Brown bear, 324 diversity among, 204 Caste system Browsing horse, 486 Calanus finmarchicus, 578 evolution of, 49 Broyles, S. B., 336-37, 340 Callosobruchus Castillo-Chavez, C., 55 Bryophyte phylogeny, 173 cyclic dynamics of, 26 Castorid, 479 Bryozoa, 162 Calvin-Benson cycle, 412 Caswell, H., 430 larvae of Calycanthaceae, 168 Cat, 283 coronate, 106 Calycanthales, 168-69 Cataclysmic metamorphosis, 94 feeding apparatus of, 103- Calyceraceae, 166 Cattle, 486 4 Calycerales, 166 Caulperales, 177 upstream frontal cilia of, CAM Cavia, 158 See Crassulacean acid metabo- Cavia porcellus, 292 BSC lism Caviomorph, 159, 489, 491 See Bundle sheath cell Camel, 479 Caviomorph rodent, 291-92 Bucconid phylogeny, 263-64 Camelid, 479, 483, 488, 492 Cecropia Bulinus truncatus Camissonia boothii seed longevity in, 72 aphally in, 455 allocation strategy of, 399 Cecropia obtusifolia phally polymorphism in, 446 Campanulaceae, 166-67 seed germination in, 79, 81 Bull, J. J., 49 Campanulales, 166 seed longevity in, 72 624 SUBJECT INDEX Cedrela odorata Childhood disease Clarkia dudleyena wind-dispersed seeds of, 74 seasonal models of, 14 genetic variance in Celastrales, 166 Childhood disease epidemic population size and, 222 Cenozoic Era, 468 Lyapunov exponent estimates Cleistogamy, 446-47, 455-57 Centrolepidaceae, 422 for, 18 Clements, F. E., 423 Cephalocarid Chimpanzee, 154-57 Climacteridae, 267 naupliar traits of, 93 Chiroptera, 157, 281, 285-88, Climate Cephalocarid crustacean 298 biogeochemical cycles and, nauplius larvae of, 93 monophyletic, 158 Cephalochordata, 162 Chiroptera-Dermoptera clade, C4 plants and, 427 Ceratophyllaceae, 170 279 mammalian evolution and, Cercocarpus betuloides, 237 Chlamydomonas, 172, 177 467-94 Cercocarpus traskiae Chlamydomonas reinhardi photosynthetic pathways and, hybridization in, 237 storage allocation in, 402 412 Cercopithecid, 492 Chlamys islandicus Cloud cover Cercopithecoidea, 607 resource allocation patterns seasonality in Cervid, 486, 491 in, 401 forest strata and, 366-67 Cetacea, 283-85, 289-90, 298, Chlorella, 177 Clumping phenology, 356-58 475 Chlorocyperoid, 422 abiotic processes and, 358 Chaetognatha, 162 Chlorogonium, 172 Cluster analysis Chaetosphaeridium, 174 Chloroideae, 422 sibling species and, 202 Chaetozone setosa Chlorokybus, 174 CMS diversity among, 204 Chlorophyceae, 176 See Cytoplasmic male sterility Chalicotheres, 476, 486, 489-90 Chlorophyll Cnemidophorus Chamaelirium luteum global ocean concentrations phylogenetic analysis of, 314 fertility in, 339, 341 of, 560 Cnidaria paternity analysis in, 337 Chlorophyll b, 172 body pigmentation genes in, Chaos Chlorophyte, 172, 175-77 447 approaches for detecting, 7 Chloroplast gynodioecy in, 445 characteristics of, 6-7 of green organisms, 172 Coccolithophorid continuous time models and, Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), 166- dimethylsulfide produced by, 12-15 67, 523 571 definition of, 4-7 Chondrichthyan, 161 Coelacanth, 161 Lyapunov exponents and, 6 Chroma lagopus Coelomate, 508 deterministic, 6 seeds of Coelomys, 124 discrete time models and, 9-12 viability of, 71 Cohen, D., 395, 398, 403, 405 dynamical noise and, 19 Chromosomal evolution Cole, L. C., 380 in ecology, 1-28 in Mus musculus, 138-42 Coleochaete, 174-75 periodic forcing and, 14 phylogenetic inference and, Coleochaete pulvinata, 174 spatial structure and, 15 597 Colonization effect, 219 spatio-temporal, 15 Chrysochlorid, 477 Columbiformes, 259 stochasticity and, 7 Chrysoperia carnea Commensalism, 119-20, 123, stochastic systems and, 15-16 aestival reproduction in, 46 132 time series analysis and, 16-24 Chthamalus origin and consequences of, Chaotic dynamics diversity among, 204 135-38 experimental approaches and, Churchill, S. P., 174 Community ecology 24-27 cl phylogenetic inference and, Chaotic system See Consistency index 597 stability of, 6 Ciconiiformes, 259 Competition Characium, 176 Ciliate oceanic ecosystems and, 572- Character congruence analysis, swimming behavior of 73 9 chemosensory stimuli and, Competition avoidance hypothe- Character mapping, 598-600 575 sis, 356 Character optimization, 598-600 Ciona Conditional choice, 38 Charales, 174 self-incompatibility in, 445 Condylarth, 471, 477-78, 480 Charlesworth, D., 441-60 Cirripede Congruence Charnov, E. L., 332 naupliar traits of, 93 mammalian molecular system- Charophyte, 172-75 postnaupliar stage of, 94 atics and, 297-99 Chasmogamy, 446 Civet, 479 phylogeny and, 178-79 Cheilostome Cladistic analysis, 162, 166, Congruence analysis, 243-44 coronate larvae of, 168, 173, 252 avian molecular systematics Chelicerate, 164 alpha-crystallin protein se- and, 256-69 Chelidoptera, 264 quences and, 259 character, 257 Chemostat model Cladistics logical structure of, 257-58 periodically forced, 14 avian molecular systematics methodology and, 258 Chenopodiaceae and, 251-53 phylogenetic, 257 photosynthesis in, 423 Cladoceran of ratites, 263 Cheverud, J. M., 310-11, 314, laboratory populations of Conifer, 170-71 604 cyclical dynamics in, 26 Coniferales, 171 Chiariello, N., 399 Cladogram, 609 Coniferophyta, 170 Chickenpox Clarendonian chronofauma, 488- Conjugaphyta, 174 seasonal models of, 14 89 Connolly, V., 58 SUBJECT INDEX 625 Conocephalum, 173 Crassulaceae Cytoplasmic male sterility Conservation photosynthesis in, 424 (CMS), 523, 549-51 genetic drift/inbreeding and, Crassulacean acid metabolism Cytoplasmic marker, 521-22 222-25 (CAM), 412, 420, 423-24 inbreeding depression and, aridity and, 427-28 D 227-28 evolution of interspecific gene flow and, stages of, 421 Daly, K. L., 555-80 236-37 Crassula erecta Danthonia spicata intraspecific gene flow and, organic acid accumulation in, phenotypic plasticity in, 49-50 232-34 424 Daphnia population genetics and, 217- Crawford, D. J., 220 long-term dynamics of, 26 37 Creodont Daphnia magna Conservation biology hyaenodontid, 475, 4 , 479, storage allocation in, 402 phylogenetic inference and, 482-83, 486, 490 Daphnia pulex 597 oxyaenid, 471, 475 spine induction in Consistency index (CI), 609 Cricetid, 479-80, 486, 488 predator-mediated chemical Continental drift Cricket cues and, 38 mammalian evolution and, 468 hybrid population of Darwin, C. R., 170, 449 Continuous lability, 38 cytoplasmic markers in, 522 Darwinian evolution, 25 Continuous time model, 12-15 hybrid zone of, 534 Dassie rat, 291 Continuous trait, 37-38 Crocodile Dasyclades, 177 Conus pennaceus ancestry of, 159 Dasyuroid resource allocation patterns Cronquist, A., 166, 168-70 thylacine, 491 of, 401 Cross-environmental covariance Data decisiveness index, 609 Convergence method Daylength phylogenetic criterion for, 595 genetic variation of pheno- physiological activity after Cooper, W. S., 49 typic plasticity and, 40-41 winter dormancy and, Copepod Cross-fertilization, 331-32 354 behavioral simplification in, Crustacean Decapod 509 miniaturization in, 503 color pattern differences in, naupliar traits of, 93 nauplius larvae of, 93 198 seasonal availability of food postnaupliar a“g eS on 94 Deciduous forest and, 578-79 Csanady, G. T., understory of Copulation Ctenodactylid, 477 seasonality in irradiation resources expended on Ctenostome and, 3 reducing, 455-56 coronate larvae of, 106 wind-dispersal in, 361 Coraciiformes, 259 Cuculiiformes, 259 Deer, 486, 492 Coral Cycad, 170-71 Deinotheres, 490 fuzzy species boundaries in, Cycadales, 171 de Jong, G., 55 199 Cycadophyta, 170 Delphinium gypsophilum morphology of, 198 Cycas, 171 rootstocks of Coriolis effect, 558, 564-65, 568 Cydippid ctenophore genetic diversity and, 222 Cormorant holoplanktonic Demers, S., 563 evolution rates among, 248 larval stage of, 92 Demographic model Cornaceae, 166-67 Cydippid larva, 92 chaotic dynamics in, 12 Cornales, 166 Cynosurus cristatus Dendropanax arboreus Coronate larvae, 106 genotyres of, 335-36 seed germination in, 74 Corti, M., 142 Cyperaceae Denholm, J. V., 399 Cosexual organism photosynthesis in, 422 Denman, K. L., 563 selfing in, 442 Cyphonautes, 101 Density dependence Costate variable, 383 Cyphonautes larva, 106 chaos and, 16 interpretation of, 384 feeding current of, 98 Dependent development, 38 Cotingas, 266 Cyprid, 94 Dermopteran, 158, 281, 286-88, Cottonwood Cyrtonyx cooki 298 hybrid populations of evolution rates among, 249- fossil, 286 cytoplasmic markers in, 522 Derrickson, E. M., 309-10, 314 hybrid zone of, 550-51 Cytochrome b Desert succulent Covariation avian molecular systematics crassulacean acid metabolism historical pathways of, 601 and, 253 in, 421 Cowley, D. E., 60 Cytochrome c Determinate growth, 381, 405 cpDNA evolution of, 247 Determinism See Chloroplast DNA Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, nonlinear forecasting and, 19 Cracid, 263 286 Deterministic chaos, 6 rates of evolution in, 247 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Deuterostome Cracraft, J., 252 II, 286 larvae of Crane, C. R., 170 Cytochrome oxidase subunit II feeding apparatus of, 103-4 Crane gene upstream frontal cilia of, 97 evolution rates among, 248 bat relationships and, 158 phylogeny of, 162-64 Craniate, 162 Cytonuclear disequilibria, 524-27 Developmental constraint LtRNA sequences for, 163- Cytonuclear system, 523 phylogenetic constraint and, 64 Cytoplasmic diversity 316-18 Crassostrea, 205 single locus models of, 534 Developmental conversion, 38 626 SUBJECT INDEX Developmental noise, 37 DNA restriction enzyme technol- feeding, 108 Devlin, B., 337-39, 341 ogy feeding apparatus of, 103-4 Dianthus deltoides avian systematics and, 245 nonfeeding, 102 pollinator visitation in, 227 DNA sequence analysis, 252-53 upstream frontal cilia of, 97 Diapause, 38 avian molecular systematics vitellaria, 105 Diatom and, 253-54 LtRNA sequences for, 163- dimethylsulfide produced by, Dodson, R. K., 335 64 571 Dog, 283, 479, 489 miniaturization in, 503 migratory capability of, Dog-bear, 488 phylogeny of, 162-63 573 Donoghue, M. J., 168-69 Echinoid Dicot, 168 Dormice, 291 calcite skeleton of, 91 Didelphid, 475, 477-78, 486 Doto larvae of Dietary switching diversity among, 204 development in, 111-12 seasonal food scarcity and, Doyle, J. A., 168-69 nonfeeding larvae of, 102 368-69 Drimys, 169 Echinometra Diffusion Dromomerycid, 488, 494 diversity among, 204 biological interactions and, Drosophila Echinothurioid 569-70 allelic combinations in, 525 primitive traits of, 110 Diffusive instability population dynamics of, 26 Echiuran chaos and, 15 Drosophila melanogaster larvae of Dimethylsulfide (DMS) body size in ciliary apparatus of, 105 production by phytoplankton, diet and, 48 trochophore, 96 571 genetic variation in, 45 Ecological time series analysis Din, W., 123 life history traits in chaos and, 16-24 Dinoflagellate joint correlations of, 60 Ecology vertical migration of, 573 longevity in chaos in, 1-28 Dinosaur extinction, 470 environment and, 37 continuous time model in, 13 Dioecy, 442, 445 multiple gene effects in, 46 dynamical systems theory in, 8 Diphelphoid, 472 phenotypic plasticity in historical approach in, 590-93 Diploid artificial selection and, 47 population breeding systems in pleiotropy in, 46 discrete time models in, 2 genetic consequences of, Drosophila paulistorum Ecomorph, 494 449 male sterility system in, 523, Edaphosaurus, 160 Diprotodontid, 491 549 Eddy diffusion Dipsacales, 166 Drosophila pseudoobscura biological interactions and, Dipterocarp body size in 569- intrapopulation synchrony in, temperature and, 48 Edentata, 281, 283, 288 Drosophila simulans Edentate, 472, 489, 491 masting in, 358, 364 body size in as sister-group of eutherians, Directional selection temperature and, 48 157 genetic variation for plasticity incompatibility systems in, Edwards, S., 597, 607 and, 57-58 523 Eel Discinacean brachiopod Drought hybrid populations of feeding larvae of, 92-93, 103- C4 plants and, 428 cytoplasmic markers in, 4 Drought resistance 22 Discontinuous trait, 37-38 tropical forest plants and, 365 hybrid zone of, 540 Discounting, 457 Drought tolerance, 429 Eernisse, D. J., 165-66, 180 Discrete time model, 2, 9-12 Dryopithecine, 486 Ehleringer, J. R., 411-32 Discriminant function analysis Duck Elam, D. R., 217-37 sibling species and, 202 evolution rates among, 248 Electrophoresis Dispersal Dugesia, 165 allozyme mammalian distribution and, Dugong, 281 avian molecular systematics Dunbrack, R. L., 321-22, 325 and, 255-56 DMS Dunham, A. E., 313, 587-613 Electrophoretic marker, 447 See Dimethylsulfide Dwarfism, 503 Eleocharis vivipara DNA Dyera costulata photosynthesis in, 429 chloroplast, 166-67, 523 vulnerability to parasitism and Elephant, 281 nuclear predation, 71 nomadic behavior of, 370 rates of evolution and, 246- Dynamical systems theory, 8 Elephantid, 490 49 Dynamic optimization, 382-83 Elephant shrew, 281, 288, 477 See also Mitochondrial DNA Dzik, J., 108 Ellner, S., 1-28 DNA-DNA hybridization, 281 Ellstrand, N. C., 217-37, 337, subgenus Mus and, 124 E 339 DNA fingerprinting, 343, 448 El Nino-Southern Oscillation DNA hybridization, 248 Early Cambrian event, 566, 569 avian molecular systematics zooplankton in, 109 Emberizid and, 252, 255 Ecdeiocoleaceae, 422 evolution rates among, 249 parsimony analysis and, 251 Echinochloa Embryophyte, 172-74 DNA restriction enzyme analy- photosynthesis in, 426 Endemic species sis, 252 Echinoderm, 162 genetic differentiation among avian molecular systematics earliest, 108 populations and, 220 and, 254-55 larvae of, 91 Endemism, 203 SUBJECT INDEX 627 Endosyrbiont Euterpe globosa Female sterility, 446 transmission through germl- seed germination in, 75 Fern ine, 523 Eutherian, 280 spores of Endosymbiosis, 172 intraordinal relationships in, photoblastism of, 80 Endothermy, 600 Ferriere, R., 26 Endress, P. K., 169 nucleotide sequences and, 157 Fertile Crescent, 119, 130 Energy allocation, 379-407 Evaporation Fertilization dynamic optimization and, oceanic habitats and, 565 delayed, 453 82-83 Everwet forest Ferungulata, 285 models of, 385-403 understory of Fi Ennos, R. A., 335 seasonality in irradiation intrapopulation synchrony in, Entelodont, 479, 482, 488 and, 367 356 Enteropneust hemichordate Evolution Fimbristyloid, 422 larvae of, 91 chromosomal Finch feeding apparatus of, 103-4 in Mus musculus, 138-42 evolution rates among, 249 upstream frontal cilia of, 97 Darwinian, 25 Fire Environment genetic drift and, 531 rainforest seed germination evolutionary process and, 35- historical approach in, 590-93 and, 36 life history Fish phenotypic expression of ge- sibling species and, 205 endothermy in, 600 notype and, 53-54 mammalian, 295-97, 467-94 mating behavior in, 510 Environmental stochasticity, 21 morphological Fisher, R. A., 380, 453 Eocene Era, 473-81 punctuated, 199 Fishery climatic and faunal trends in, of phenotypic plasticity, 51-58 chaotic dynamics of, 15 473-75 gametic models of, 55 sibling species in, 205 Eocene-Oligocene transition, optimality models of, 52-53 Fitch, W. M., 297 478-81 quantitative genetic models Fitness, 36, 49-50, 134 Eolian dust, 565 of, 53-55 genetic drift/inbreeding and, Ephedra, 169-71 phylogenetic inference and, 225-28 Epidemics model 597 heterozygosity and, 226-27 seasonal environments and, 14 tates of inbreeding depression and, Epigeal germination, 73 nuclear DNA and, 246-49 450 Epigenetic effect Evolutionary equilibrium, 221 interspecific gene flow and, phenotypic plasticity and, 60 Evolutionary lability, 591 235-36 Epistasis, 37, 45-46 Evolutionary loss, 101-2 intraspecific gene flow and, Epistatic mating, 543-46 Evolutionary process 230- migration and, 546-48 environment and, 35-36 maximization of, 382-83 Epsilon-globin, 286-87 Evolutionary stable strategy optimality models and, 52 Equid, 476, 479-80, 483 (ESS), 449 Fixed trait, 38 Equisetales, 168 Evolutionary theory phenotypic plasticity and, 48- Equus, 492 phylogenetic constraint in, 49 Eragrostis walteri, 422 307-27 temporal variability and, 56 Escherichia coli Evolutionary trend, 467 Flagellariaceae, 422 single gene effects in, 46 Exaeretodon, 160 Flamingo SS Exponential divergence, 5 evolution rates among, 248 See Evolutionary stable strat- Extinction, 138, 234, 480, 489 Flatworm egy dinosaur, 470 relationships among, 165 Eta-globin pseudogene region genetic assimilation and, 235 Flaveria in hominoid species, 155 Holarctic, 482 glycine decarboxylase expres- Euatriplex mass, 563 sion in, 419 photosynthesis in, 423 Floral trait Eucalyptus F intraspecific variation in, 332 gene flow estimates for, 230 Flour beetle Eucoelomate, 165-66 Faith, D. P., 595 cyclic dynamics of, 26 Euglena, 173 Falconer, D. S., 58 reproductive isolation in, 523 Euglenoid, 172 Falconiformes, 259 Flower Euler-Lotka equation, 380, 386, Famine chasmogamous, 446 400 vertebrate consumers and, 368 cleistogamous, 446-47 Eulimnadia texana Farris, J. S., 252, 605 Flowering, 355-56 maleness among, 446 Fecundity peak insolation and, 366 Euphausia superba life expectancy and, 394 Flowering peak circumpolar distribution of, reproductive allocation and, in seasonally dry forests, 576-77 387-92 Euphausiid Feeding Flying lemur, 281 swimming behavior of marine larvae and, 90 Flying squirrel, 488 chemosensory stimuli and, phylogenetic inference and, Folivore, 479 575 597 Food chain European mussel, 197 Feeding planula, 96 three species European periwinkle, 197 Felid, 482, 486, 488, 490, 492 continuous time ecological Eurosta solidaginis forest-dwelling models and, 13 gall size in litters of, 313 Food chain model reaction norm of, 57 Felsenstein, J., 311, 605-6 chaos in, 13 628 SUBJECT INDEX Food scarcity Gavrilets, S., 41, 55-56, 58-59 Gittleman, J. L., 311, 313 vertebrate consumers and, 368 Gebhardt, M. D., 60 Glaciation-interglacial cycle, 565 Foraging behavior Geese Glass, L., 19 morphology and, 605 evolution rates among, 250 Gleaning mouse, 122 Foraminiferan Gelocid, 479 Glires, 279, 281, 298 miniaturization in, 503 Gene flow monophyly of, 288-91 Forest ungulate interspecific, 234-37 Global marine biodiversity seasonal movements of, 369 intraspecific, 229-34 sibling species and, 204 Fossombronia, 173 in small, endangered plant Glycine decarboxylase, 419-20 Foster, R. B., 359 populations, 228-37 Glyptodont, 477 Founder effect, 138, 203, 219 Genetic assimilation Gnathostomulida, 508 population consequences of, extinction and, 235 Gnetales, 168, 170, 172 220 Genetic distance Gnetophyta, 170 Fractal dimension, 18-19 avian molecular systematics Godfray, H. C. J., 1-28 Fractional paternity method, 338 and, 251-53 Godt, M. J. W., 220 Fragmentation Genetic drift, 522-23, 531-38 Golden mole, 477 plant populations and, 218 evolutionary consequences of, Gomphotheres, 488, 490, 492 Franzen, A., 100 Gomulkeiwicz, R., 54 Frequency dependent selection fitness and, 225-28 Gonatozygon, 174 chaotic dynamics in, 12 genetic variation and, 219-25 Gonochore Frog hybrid swarm and, 531-34 sex-changing mating behavior in, 510 small, endangered plant popu- selfing in, 442 Frugivore, 474, 476 lations and, 218-28 Goodman, M., 282 Fruit bat, 158 Genetic exclusion Goodnight, C. J., 40 seasonal movements of, 369 paternity analysis and, 334-37 Gopher, 291 Fruiting, 355-56 Genetic incompatibility, 332 Gorilla, 154-57 Fruiting time Genetic model Gorman, W. L., 57 optimal moment for germina- quantitative Gould, S. J., 308, 316, 504, 594 tion and, 361 of phenotypic plasticity evo- Grafen, A., 311, 606 Fruit maturation period lution, 53-55 Grasshopper bimodality of, 363 Genetic variation timing of oviposition in Fruit production genetic drift and, 219-25 offspring size and, 57 maternal resources and, 332 interspecific gene flow and, Great American Interchange, 492 Fu, Y.-X., 531-32, 536, 538 235-36 Green, D. M., 600 Furnariines, 266 intraspecific gene flow and, Green alga phylogeny, 172-77 Furukawa, A., 425 Green organism phylogeny, 172- Futuyma, D. J., 315 maintenance of, 56-57 73 in Mus musculus domesticus, Gregory, W. K., 281 G Griffiths, H., 418, 420, 423-24 phenotypic plasticity and, 40- Groeberid, 477, 489 Gabriel, W., 396 43 Grossulariaceae, 166 Gaia hypothesis, 570 Genome size, 512 Ground sloth, 488, 489, 492 Galbulid phylogeny, 263-64 Genotype Growth Galliform phylogeny, 263-64 phenotypic expression of allometric, 404 Gamete environment and, 53-54 determinate, 381, 405 random union of, 531 Genotypic disequilibrium, 525- indeterminate, 381, 401, 405-6 Gamete shedding, 444 ys Gruiformes, 259 Gametic model Genotypic variation, 43 Gryllus firmus of phenotypic plasticity evolu- Geographic isolation hybrid zone of, 534 tion, 55 reproductive isolation and, 228 Gryllus pennsylvannicas Gametic phase disequilibrium, Geographic variation hybrid zone of, 534 phylogenetic inference and, Guillete, L. J., 589 Gametogenesis, 141 597 Guinea fowl Gamma-globin gene region Germination evolution rates among, 250 in hominoid species, 155 conditions favoring, 361-63 Guinea pig, 292 Gap colonizer optimal time of, 361-63 relationships among, 158-59 light-/temperature-regulated Ghiselin, M. T., 161 Guitérrez, R. J., 249-50 dormancy in, 69 Giant panda, 321, 325 Gurevitch, J., 429 Gap pioneer Gibberellin Guyer, C., 308 germination in delayed seed germination and, Gymnosperm, 170 litter disturbance and, 81 74 female fertility in, 445 Gardiner, B. G., 160 Gigantism, 503 Gynodioecy, 445 Gastropod Gillespie, J. H., 56 larvae of Gilpin, M. E., 13 H opposed band apparatus of, Gimelfarb, A., 56 104 Gingerich, P. D., 481 Habitat destruction opposed band ciliary appara- Gingko, 170-72 plant populations and, 218 tus of, 105 Gingkophyta, 170 Haeckel’s law, 111-12 veliger, 96 Ginkgoales, 171 Haemothermia, 160 selfing in, 454 Giraffe, 492 Hagfish, 162 Gatto, M., 26 Giraffid, 486 Halicryptus Gauthier, J. A., 160 Giraffoid, 486, 490, 493 primitive traits of, 111 SUBJECT INDEX 629 Hall, H. M., 423 Homoplasy, 154, 158, 179, 252- Hyla gratiosa, 527 Hamamelididae, 168-69 53, 260, 503, 508-10, 595 epistatic mating in, 544-46 Hamrick, J. L., 220 Homozygosity Hyopsodontid, 471 Hanken, J., 501-13 fitness and, 450 Hypertragulid, 479 Harris, G. P., 563, 567 inbreeding and, 220 Hypogeal germination, 73 Harrison, R. G., 534 inbreeding depression and, Hypomorphosis, 504, 511 Harvey, P. H., 606 225-26 Hypsodont, 488-90 Hassell, M. P., 2 phenotypic plasticity and, 45 Hypsodonty, 477 Hastings, A., 1-28 selfing and, 449 Hyracodontid, 483 Haszprunar, G., 104 Honeycutt, R. L., 279-99 Hyracoid, 481, 490 Hatch-Slack cycle, 412 Hordeum Hyracoidea, 281, 283, 285 Hattersley, P. W., 419, 427 allelic combinations in, 525 Hyracotheriines, 479-80 Hedgehog, 486 Hornwort, 173 Hyracothermium, 476 Hedges, S. B., 313 Horse, 486, 488, 490, 492-93 Hyrax, 157, 281, 477, 483, 490 Heliantheae, 167 Host-parasitoid-pathogen system Hystricid, 490 Helianthus annuus, 236 chaotic dynamics in, 12 Hystricognathi, 291 Helicoplacus, 108 Host-parasitoid system Hystricomorph Heliocarpus appendiculatus spatially explicit model of relationships among, 158-59 seed germination in, 75 chaotic solutions for, 15 Heliocarpus donnell-smithii House mouse I seed germination in, 78 chromosomal evolution in, Helm-Bychowski, K. M., 249 138-42 Ibis Hemichordata, 162 commensalism of evolution rates among, 248 Hemicyonid, 486 origins and consequences Ice Age, 131 Hemizonia luzulifolia of, 135-38 Icterid seasonal ecotypes of, 399 evolution of, 119-42 evolution rates among, 249 Hennigian methodology, 251-52 hybrid zones in, 132-34 Idiospermaceae, 168 Herbivore, 477, 479, 491-92 systematics and phylogeny of, Iguanid lizard Herbivory, 357 121-25 life history patterns in Cy¥Cz plants and, 430-31 terminal range expansions of, phylogenetic effects and, Heritability 130-34 313 of phenotypic plasticity, 42 variability in Ikeda, T., 562 of traits, 44-45 partition of, 126-2 7 Inbreeding Herkogamy, 444 Howler monkey biparental, 219, 448, 453-54 Hermaphroditism seasonal food scarcity and, intermediate selfing rates selfing rate and, 441-60 369 and, 456 Heterochrony, 91, 504, 510, 600 Human-chimpanzee-gorilla tri- fitness and, 225-28 phylogenetic inference and, chotomy homozygosity and, 220 597 mitochondrial DNA and, 155- small, endangered plant popu- Heteroecy, 315, 320 56 lations and, 218-28 Heterogamy Human sedentism Inbreeding depression, 449-53, male, 600 Mus musculus commensalism 458-59 Heteromorphism and, 119, 136 conservation and, 227 intraspecific cryptic Humphries, C. J., 153-80 genetic basis of, 450 rainforest seeds and, 75 Hyaena, 491, 493 homozygosity and, 225-26 Heteromyid, 479 Hyaenid, 486, 490, 493 population size and, 226 Heteroplasmy, 551 Hyaenodontid, 473 Independent contrast Heterozygosity Hyaenodontid creodont, 475, phylogenetic constraint and, fitness and, 226-27, 450 477, 479, 482-83, 486, 490 phenotypic plasticity and, 35, Hybridization, 521-22 Indeterminate growth, 381, 401, 46 DNA, 248 405- population size and, 219-20 avian molecular systematics Insect Hibernation and, 252, 255 miniaturization in, 503 high-temperature, 370 parsimony analysis and, morphological novelty in, 506 neonate size and, 321-25 251 seasonal movements of, 369 Hill, C. R., 170 DNA-DNA, 281 Insecta, 319 Hill, W. G., 531 subgenus Mus and, 124 Insectivoran, 285, 471, 473, 486 Hillis, D. M., 154, 600 interpopulation, 254 Insectivore, 477 Hipparionid, 486, 490, 492 interspecific gene flow and, primitive, 288 Hippo, 490 234-35 Insolation Historical analysis, 587-613 marine larvae and, 112-13 tropical plant phenology and, Hoglund, J., 600, 607 Hybrid speciation, 522 365-67 Holarctica Hybrid swarm, 528-31 Insolation-limitation hypothesis, Eocene and, 475-76 genetic drift and, 531-34 Miocene and, 486-89 Hybrid zone, 521-52 Interphotoreceptor retinoid bind- Paleocene and, 471-72 mosaic, 534-38 ing protein (IRBP), 157-58, Pliocene and, 491-92 Hydractinia 286-87 Hom, C. L., 1-28 diversity among, 204 Interpopulation hybridization, Hominid phylogeny, 154-57 Hydrolagus, 161 Hominoid, 486 Hydromantes, 512 Interspecific gene flow, 234-37 Homo, 493 Hyla cinerea Intertropical convergence zone sister-group of, 154 epistatic mating in, 544-46 (ITCZ), 359 630 SUBJECT INDEX Intraspecific cryptic heteromor- Kaplan, R. H., 49 Lepomis macrochirus phism Karlin, S., 531 macrochirus, 530 rainforest seeds and, 75 Karron, J. D., 220, 226 Lepomis macrochirus Intraspecific gene flow, 229-34 Keystone plant resource, 370-71 purpurescens ,5 30 Intraspecific polymorphism, 156 Kimura, M., 531 Leporidae, 296 Introgression, 538-43 King, D., 396-97, 399 Leptomerycid, 479 interspecific gene flow and, Kirkpatrick, M., 54 Lessios, H. A., 311 234 Kiwi, 263 Levey, D. J., 591 Invariant Kiwi-cassowary-emu clade, Levins, R., 55 calculating Klebanoff, A., 13 Lewis, P. O., 331-46 algorithms for, 18-19 Klebsormidiales, 174-75 Lewonontin, R. C., 308 nonlinear forecasting and, Klebsormidium, 174-75 Li, W. H., 296 Klinger, T., 229 Liana surrogate data and, 19-20 Kluge, A. G., 178 wind-dispersal among, 361 Invertebrate Kluge, M., 423 Liatris cylindracea marine Knapp, A. K., 428 vegetative/reproductive output antitropical populations of, Knowlton, N., 189-206 in 201 Kohn, J. R., 220 heterozygosity and, 226 local adaptation in, 454 Kot, M., 2, 14-15, 18, 23, 26, Liem, K. F., 319 prevatence of, 190-97 311 Life expectancy reproductive isolation in, Kozlowski, J., 390, 399-401, fecundity and, 394 2 403 Life history self-fertilization in, 443 Krause, D. W., 472, 475 phylogenetic constraint and, miniaturization in, 503 Krill 312-16 Involucrin gene sequence circumpolar distribution of, Life history evolution in hominoid species, 156 576-77 sibling species and, 205 Ipomoea purpurea Life history theory butterfly preferences for, 335 L miniaturized species and, 511 Ipomopsis aggregata Life history trait outbreeding depression in, 231 Labile trait, 38 optimality models and, 52 RBP phenotypic plasticity and, 48 phylogenetic inference and, See Interphotoreceptor temporal variability and, 56 597 retinoid binding protein Lability Light Iris continuous, 38 rainforest seed germination hybrid populations of Lacewing and, 78-80 cytoplasmic markers in, 522 aestival reproduction in, 46 Light-use efficiency Irradiance limitation, 567 Lactoridaceae, 168-69 photosynthesis and, 414-15 Irwin, D. M., 285, 298 Lactoris, 169 Lily Ischyromyid, 477 Lactucoideae, 167 paternity analysis of, 337 Isoetes Lagomorph, 157-58, 279, 281, Limit cycle, 5 crassulacean acid metabolism 286-91, 296, 298 Linanthus parryae in, 421 Lake, J. A., 163 genetic stability in, 222 ITCZ Lamb, T., 545 Linear parsimony, 601 See Intertropical convergence Lamellibranch bivalve Lingula, 164, 166 zone larvae of Lingulacean brachiopod Itoh, Y., 40 ciliary apparatus of, 105 feeding larvae of, 92-93, 103- Iwasa, Y., 392, 403 Lamprey, 162 4 Land Mammal Ages, 469 Linnean taxonomy, 611 J Larson, A., 594 Liriodendron, 169 Larva Lisianthius skinneri Jaera See Marine larva genetic diversity in, 220 diversity among, 204 Lasaea Lissamphibian Janis, C. M., 467-94 morphologically similar/eco- miniaturization in, 508 Jansen, R. K., 167 logically distinct clones Listriodont, 486 Jarne, P., 441-60 in, 198 Litoptern, 472, 477, 489 Jeffries, R. P. S., 163 Lasaea australis Litter Jennaria puichra, 508 brood size of, 109 seed germination and, 81 Jinks, J. L., 58 Latimeria, 161 Littler, R. A., 531 Johnson, M. S., 257 Lauder, G. V., 318-19, 602 Littorine gastropod Joinvillaeceae, 422 Laurales, 168-69 early stage embryos of, 108 Juglans hindsii, 236 Lazier, J. R. N., 563 Liverwort, 168, 173 Jungermannia, 173 Leaf beetle Lizard host plant shifts in, 315 miniaturization in, 508 K Leafing, 355-56 viviparity in, 589 Lecythidaceae Lloyd, D. G., 332 Kamptozoan masting in, 358 Lobeliaceae, 166 larvae of Legendre, L., 563 Locomotion opposed band ciliary appara- Legendre polynomial, 40 marine larvae and, 90 tus of, 105 Lemur, 476 Loconte, H., 169 trochophore, 96 Lemuriform primate, 475, 478, Long, S. P., 426 Kangaroo, 491 4 80 Loon Kaplan, D. T., 19 Lepidosiren, 161 evolution rates among, 248