Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones)

339 Pages·2003·3.8 MB·English

by  Kury, Adriano B

AraREVcISTAnIBÉoRICAlodegía
Annotated catalogue of the
Laniatores of the New World
(Arachnida, Opiliones)
Adriano B. Kury
GIA
1
Grupo
Ibérico de
Aracnología
Volumen especial
SEA
monográfico, nº
Sociedad
ZARAGOZA, 31-V-2003
Entomológica
Aragonesa
Aracnología
REVISTA IBÉRICA DE
Volumen especial monográfico nº 1, 31-V-2003.
ISSN: 1576 – 9518
Dep. Legal: Z–2656–2000
Edita: Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología (GIA), Avda. Radio Juventud, 37; 50012 Zaragoza (ESPAÑA).
El GIA es un grupo de trabajo de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (SEA), Avda. Radio Juventud, 37; 50012
Zaragoza (ESPAÑA), asociación sin ánimo de lucro inscrita en el Registro de Asociaciones Culturales de la Diputación
General de Aragón (España).
Junta Directiva del GIA: Antonio Melic, José Antonio Barrientos, Eduardo Morano, Carmen Urones, Carles Ribera y Jesús
Miñano.
Rev. Iber. Aracnol., vol. especial monográfico 1
Director:
D. Antonio Melic (España)
Comité científico:
Dr. Luis Acosta (Argentina) - Scorpiones / Opiliones.
Dr. Giraldo Alayón (Cuba) - Arachnida.
Dr. Miquel A. Arnedo (Estados Unidos) - Araneae.
Dr. José Antonio Barrientos (España) - Araneae.
Dr. Antonio Brescovit (Brasil) - Araneae.
Dr. Roberto M. Capocasale (Uruguay) - Araneae.
Dr. Luis De Armas (Cuba) - Arachnida.
Dr. Charles Dondale (Canadá) - Araneae.
Dr. Miguel Angel Ferrández (España) - Araneae.
Dr. Victor Fet (Estados Unidos) - Scorpiones.
Dr. Gonzalo Giribet (Estados Unidos) - Filogenia, Análisis molecular.
Dr. Gustavo Hormiga (Estados Unidos) - Araneae.
Dr. Mark Judson (Francia) - Pseudoscorpiones.
Dr. Adriano B. Kury (Brasil) - Opiliones.
Dr. Wilson R. Lourenço (Francia) - Scorpiones.
Dr. Volker Mahner (Suiza) - Pseudoscorpiones.
Dr. Marcos Méndez (Suecia) - Ecología.
Dr. Eduardo Morano (España) - Araneae.
Dr. Jordi Moya (Estados Unidos) - Ecología.
Dr. Ricardo Pinto-da-Rocha (Brasil) - Opiliones.
Dr. Carlos Ribera Almerje (España) - Arachnida.
Ldo. Rolando Teruel (Cuba) - Arachnida.
Dra. Carmen Urones (España) - Araneae.
Dr. Miguel Angel Alonso Zarazaga (España) - Nomenclatura zoológica.
D. Leopoldo Castro Torres (España) - Traducción y revisión inglés.
Dr. José Manuel Grosso-Silva (Portugal) - Traducción y revisión portugués.
Portada, diseño y maqueta: A. Melic.
Imprime: GORFI, S.A., Menéndez Pelayo, 4, Zaragoza (España).
Notas:
1. El contenido de los artículos, notas y comentarios publicados en esta revista son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los
autores.
2. Los artículos, notas y comentarios contenidos en esta revista pueden ser reproducidos con fines exclusivamente no
comerciales pero citando, en todo caso, la procedencia y autoría de los mismos.
Página web: http://entomologia.rediris.es/gia
Correspondencia:
Antonio Melic - GIA
Avda. Radio Juventud, 37; 50012 Zaragoza (España)
Tef. 976 324415 - Fax: [phone]
C.-elect.: [email protected]
Precio del volumen: 18 euros / 20 $ USA. Correo aéreo: + 3 euros/ + 3,3 $ USA.
Volumen especial monográfico nº 1
31-V-2.003
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF THE LANIATORES
OF THE NEW WORLD (ARACHNIDA, OPILIONES)
Adriano B. Kury
Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología (GIA)
S.E.A. Zaragoza (España)

PROLOGUE
Quite a number of years ago, Adriano informed me of his preparation of a catalogue
to the Laniatores of South America. At that point, I suggested that he should consider
including species from all of the Americas before publishing his work. Fortunately,
for all of us, he did just that. However, his catalogue is much more than just a listing
of names, dates, and places. It includes countless annotations and a very useful
checklist by countries and states, including the maritime territories. His efforts to
organize, revise, and bring together all of these records in one place should stimulate
research on these animals for many years.
Adriano’s multilingual talents have resulted in an excellent treatment of the
vast amount of literature on New World Laniatores, most of which is not in English.
Especially important are his efforts with the 175 papers written in Portuguese, his
native tongue. This is most notable in his comments regarding nomenclatorial acts that
are concealed amidst the text by Brazilian authors and Mello-Leitão publishing some
of his descriptions twice.
Laniatores from the Americas comprise roughly 40% of all the described
members of the order. Up to this point, our acquisition of knowledge on this group has
been greatly hampered by the very confusing and outdated surveys on the order.
Besides the reviews of the harvestmen of the World by Roewer (1923) and those from
Brazil and Argentina by Mello-Leitão (1932) and Ringuelet (1959), there are relatively
few comprehensive regional compilations. Since these publications, the number and
organization of the higher-level groupings in the Laniatores have changed greatly.
These changes have occurred in numerous publications from around the World, making
it very difficult for researchers to stay updated. Up to today, it has often been a
difficult task just to discover to which family a common species might belong.
This book reviews all the systematic and distributional literature on Laniatores
from the New World (about 800 publications). Nearly 2,400 species, belonging to 750
genera and 21 families, are recognized from this region. New and rejected synonymies,
new replacement names, and emended spellings are proposed where necessary. Among
the numerous proposed nomenclatural acts of lower rank, there is also establishment
of a new family and subfamily.
Overall, this is a wonderful volume, which should become a standard reference
for anyone (not just those in the New World) working on Laniatores. Because so many
of the collection localities are the same as many of the non-Laniatores harvestmen (and
arachnids in general) from the Americas, the remarks and corrections about localities
and spellings will be useful for many arachnologists.
James C. Cokendolpher
Lubbock, Texas
28 April 2003
.
ARTÍCULO:
ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF THE LANIATORES
OF THE NEW WORLD (ARACHNIDA, OPILIONES)
Adriano B. Kury
Summary:
All the systematic literature (774 references) of the suborder Laniatores of the Americas up
to year 2002 is tabulated to generate a thorough annotated classification. 2372 species in
746 genera of Laniatores of the New World are listed. 26 families of Laniatores are
recognized as valid, of which 21 occur in the New World. The most diverse family is
Gonyleptidae (823 species), followed by Cosmetidae (710 species), both endemic to the
New World. Synonymies, revalidations, replacement names and emended spellings are
done when necessary. The complete list of nomenclatural acts herein proposed is given. The
new family Escadabiidae Kury & Pérez is proposed, the new subfamily Ampycinae Kury is
proposed in Gonyleptidae. Countries and ultramarine departments included are 1) South
ARTÍCULO: America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guyana, Guyana,
Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay and Venezuela; 2) Central
Annotated catalogue of the America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; 3)
Laniatores of the New World Antilles: Bahamas, Bermuda Island, Caicos Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican
(Arachnida, Opiliones) Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Netherland Antilles, Puerto Rico, Tortuga Island,
UK Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Windward Islands; 4) North America: Canada,
Adriano B. Kury Greenland, Mexico, U.S.A. First order administrative divisions (departments, provinces,
states) for all most diverse countries are interpolated in the locality names. A list of species
Departamento de
by first order administrative divisions is provided for all countries treated. The most diverse
Invertebrados, Museu
country is Brazil, with 855 species of Laniatores, followed by Venezuela with 328 species.
Nacional/UFRJ
An exhaustive list of the depository institutions of the type material with curators and
Quinta da Boa Vista, São
contacts addresses is given.
Cristóvão, 20.940-040, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Key words:
[email protected] Phalangodidae, Agoristenidae, Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae, Zalmoxidae, Neotropics,
Nearctic, Andean, Amazonia, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Chaco, Caatinga, Cerrado, new
Revista Ibérica de Aracnología species, new genera, new sub family, new family, new synonymies, new records.
ISSN: 1576 - 9518.
Taxonomy: see List of Nomenclatural Acts (p. 254).
Dep. Legal: Z-2656-2000.
Volumen especial monográfico nº 1,
31-V-2003
Sección: Artículos y Notas. Catálogo anotado de los Laniatores del Nuevo Mundo (Arachnida, Opiliones)
Pp: 5 – 337.
Resumen:
Se revisa toda la bibliografía sistemática hasta el año 2002 (774 referencias) relativa al
Edita: suborden Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones) americanos y se presenta una clasificación
anotada completa. 2372 especies pertenecientes a 746 géneros son listados para el Nuevo
Grupo Ibérico de Aracnología Mundo. De las 26 familias de Laniatores reconocidas como válidas, 21 se encuentran
(GIA) presentes en el Nuevo Mundo. La familia más diversa es Gonyleptidae (823 especies),
Grupo de trabajo en Aracnología seguida de Cosmetidae (710 especies), ambas endémicas de América. Se proponen
de la Sociedad Entomológica diversas sinonimias, revalidaciones, nombres de reemplazo y enmiendas ortográficas
Aragonesa (SEA) cuando es necesario. Se incluye la lista completa de actos nomenclaturales propuestos.
Avda. Radio Juventud, 37 Escadabiidae Kury & Pérez (nueva familia) y Ampycinae Kury (nueva subfamilia,
50012 Zaragoza (ESPAÑA) Gonyleptidae) son propuestas.
Tef. 976 324415 Los países y departamentos ultramarinos incluidos son 1) América del Sur: Argentina,
Fax. [phone] Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana francesa, Guyana, Paraguay, Perú,
C-elect.: [email protected] Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago, Uruguay y Venezuela; 2) Centroamérica: Belice, Costa Rica,
Director: A. Melic El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá; 3) Antillas: Bahamas, Islas
Bermudas, Islas Caicos, Islas Caimán, Cuba, República Dominicana, Haití, Jamaica, Islas
Leeward, Antillas Holandesas, Puerto Rico, Isla Tortuga, Islas Virgin, Islas Windward; 4)
Información sobre suscripción, América del Norte: Canadá, Groenlandia, México y E.E.U.U. En cada caso son incluidas
índices, resúmenes de artículos on las divisiones administrativas (departamentos, provincias, estados) de cada país y la lista
line, normas de publicación, etc. en: ordenada de especies correspondiente. El país más diverso es Brasil, con 855 especies de
Laniatores, seguido por Venezuela con 328 especies. Se incluye una lista exhaustiva de las
Página web GIA: instituciones depositarias del material tipo, así como los conservadores y dirección.
http://entomologia.rediris.es/gia
Palabras clave:
Phalangodidae, Agoristenidae, Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae, Zalmoxidae, Neotropical,
Página web SEA:
Neárctica, Andina, Amazonía, Bosque Atlántico, Pampa, Chaco, Caatinga, Cerrado, nueva
http://entomologia.rediris.es/sea
especie, nuevo género, nueva subfamilia, nueva familia, nueva sinonimia, nuevos registros.
Taxonomía: Ver List of Nomenclatural Acts (p. 254).
6 Adriano B. Kury
Introduction PALEARCTIC — Europe Opiliones monograph (Roewer,
1935); Germany monograph (Martens, 1978); Mongolia
The arachnid order Opiliones includes about 5500 species
Opiliones catalogue (Star“ga, 1979); Northern Europe
worldwide, 70% of which (3900 species) belong to the
Opiliones checklist (Stol, 1993); Tadjikistan Opiliones
suborder Laniatores. Of these, 1500 species occur in the
catalogue (Star“ga, 1978b); [then] USSR Opiliones catalo-
Old World, and the remaining 2400 in the Americas. The
gue (Star“ga, 1978a).
New World Laniatores thus comprise 44% of the diversity
of Opiliones, and they are surely in a poor state of knowled-
ge. Besides outdated surveys such as those of Roewer
Composition of the New World fauna
(1923) for the Opiliones of the World, Mello-Leitão (1932)
of Laniatores
for the Opiliones of Brazil and Ringuelet (1959b) for the
Opiliones of Argentina, there are relatively few comprehen- The New World lacks some families, such as Epedanidae,
sive compilations (see below). In the last 20-30 years there Oncopodidae and Assamiidae and yet it possesses a greater
have been many important changes in the composition of number of endemic families — Agoristenidae, Cosmetidae,
supra-generic groups and descriptions of numerous new Cranaidae, Gonyleptidae, Manaosbiidae, Stygnidae, just to
species. The geographic areas included in the present cite a few of the largest. The endemism of Laniatores is so
survey are North America, South America, Central America high that almost each country has its own exclusive family
and the Caribbean Caribbean (including the Galapagos and or subfamily, and the faunas are so different that one can
Cocos Islands). often recognize the provenience of a sample without
looking at the label. The Brazilian Atlantic Forest hosts
highly specialized groups not found anywhere else, like the
Summary of catalogues and checklists beautiful and large Goniosomatinae, the slender Mitobati-
for Opiliones nae, the weird Sodreaninae, the joyful colored Caelopygi-
nae, most Tricommatinae and the clumsy named Progony-
The works cited below are organized by zoogeographic
leptoidellinae. Central Brazil has heavy spined Gonylepti-
regions and the publications divided into three types: (1)
nae, Northeastern Brazil has the endemic Heteropachylinae
catalogue/checklist (exhaustive listing with references,
and Brazilian Amazonia hosts countless hordes of cranaids,
emendations and synonymies or only complete list of
manaosbiids and cosmetids. Colombia is the land of the
names); (2) monograph (list with keys, diagnoses and/or
biggest Cranaidae and the rare Nomoclastinae, and is where
descriptions and illustrations); (3) bibliography (not citing
the Discosomaticinae reach their peak of diversity. Ecua-
the taxa, but listing publications). It is also explained if the
dor, besides the warty Ampycinae, houses the Heterocranai-
work contained only a part of the Opiliones or treated the
nae and most members of the strange subfamily Prostygni-
whole order.
nae. Chile houses mostly a mixture of large Pachylinae
WORLDWIDE — Cyphophthalmi catalogue (Giribet 2000); (including the largest Opiliones ever — of the genus
Opiliones monograph (Roewer, 1923); Opiliones biblio-
Sadocus) and tiny Triaenonychidae, and it is the only
graphy (James Cokendolpher, 1997 http://160.111.87.78/
southern country that completely lacks Cosmetidae. Argen-
ISA/biblios/opilio.html); Phalangioidea catalogue genera
tina is characterized by a predominance of the Pachylinae,
(Crawford, 1992).
mainly average sized species, the presence of the dull
AFROTROPICAL — Afrotropical Opiliones (excluding colored, short legged cosmetids such as Metalibitia, and
Phalangiidae) catalogue (Star“ga, 1992); Afrotropical many Hernandariinae. Peru is characterized by a high
Phalangiidae catalogue (Star“ga, 1984); South African diversity of Metasarcinae, and stout Pachylinae, whereas
Opiliones monograph (Lawrence, 1931). Mexico almost solely possesses Stygnopsidae. The United
States has allover the tiny true Phalangodidae, and in the
AUSTRALASIAN — Australian Opiliones monograph Western Coast, many weird relics, representatives of an
(Forster, 1949); New Zealand Opiliones monograph
Holarctic ancient fauna, such as the Pentanychidae, Triae-
(Forster, 1954).
nonychidae, Cladonychiidae and Travuniidae. Only the
NEARCTIC — North America Palpatores catalogue and Greater Antilles have Agoristeninae, and it also have almost
Opiliones bibliography (Cokendolpher & Lee, 1993). exclusively the New World Biantidae. The Manaosbiidae,
Zalmoxidae and Leiosteninae reach their peak of diversity
NEOTROPICAL — Argentina Opiliones monograph (Ringue-
in Venezuela. In Central America the Cosmetidae and
let, 1959b); Brazil Opiliones monograph (Mello-Leitão,
Zalmoxidae predominate. Countries with less distinctive
1932); Caribbean Opiliones annotated bibliography (Co-
fauna are the Guyanas, which have an extension of the
kendolpher & Camilo-Rivera, 1989); Mexico Opiliones
Brazilian Amazonian fauna, Paraguay and Bolivia, which
checklist (Kury & Cokendolpher, 2000); Venezuela
are an impoverished mix of southern Brazilian, Argentine
Laniatores (4 families) monograph (González-Sponga,
and (in the case of Bolivia) of Peruvian faunas. Uruguay
1987; 1992).
perhaps has the poorest fauna of Opiliones of the Americas,
ORIENTAL — Japan Opiliones monograph (Suzuki, in prep., being roughly similar in composition to that of eastern
N. Tsurusaki, pers. comm., 1998); Taiwan Opiliones Argentina.
monograph (Suzuki, 1977); Thailand Opiliones monograph It is hard to estimate how much of the real diversity of
(Suzuki, 1985a; 1985b). Laniatores in the Americas is already recorded. Bolivia,
Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World 7
southern Chile, Amazonia and northeastern Brazil are exception of the underexplored southern Chilean fauna, the
surely under represented. The regions around San Francis- Laniatores typically do not thrive in cold temperate regions
co, Caracas, Cayenne, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and — the Canadian fauna is very poor, with only three species,
Buenos Aires are much better known. For example, almost all from British Columbia. Uruguay has a meager fauna of
half of the lots of material from MNRJ come from the small 16 species, what is not unexpected given the uniform, open
Rio de Janeiro state. Likewise, there are still many states formations of the country. Paraguay (21 species) is domina-
and provinces for which there is not a single species ted by open formations and the fauna besides being poorly
recorded. The rate of discovery of new species is high, even studied is naturally scarce. Bolivia (28 species) has very
in well-known places such as southeastern Brazil. complex geography and our poor knowledge is probably
Brazil has an impressive fauna of Laniatores, with mainly due to the scarcity of study. L. Acosta (Córdoba,
855 species, most of which come from the highly menaced pers. comm.) believes there must be an undiscovered rich
Atlantic Forest. States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo Opiliofauna, comparable even to that of Peru.
show the highest diversity in the New World, both due to
enhanced research and to natural conditions of the Atlantic
Structure of the catalogue
Forest. Venezuela has a high number of 328 species of
Laniatores, many of them described from the states around The present catalogue is an exhaustive compilation from
the capital by the methodic work of González-Sponga 774 primary systematic literature entries dealing with the
(mainly 1987; 1992). It can be said that the area in a circle American species of the suborder Laniatores. This should
of 200 km around Caracas is well known, especially serve as an account of the immense taxonomic shifts over
regarding the families covered in his two books, not to the last few decades. For most families there is no such list
mention dozens of new species about to be described, available, or they are outdated — the most recent general
specially in Stygnidae (González-Sponga pers. comm. comprehensive reference usually is Roewer (1923). Brazi-
2002). Records of the very rich Peruvian fauna (159 lian Opiliones were listed in Mello-Leitão’s book (1932).
species) are certainly underestimated (the department Venezuelan Agoristenidae, Stygnommatidae, “Phalangodi-
containing the capital has only six species recorded — dae” and Cosmetidae were reviewed by González-Sponga
although it is an arid region, and probably an exception to (1987; 1992). The Gonyleptidae were treated in a checklist
the rich Peruvian biodiversity). Ecuador has almost same by H. Soares and collaborators (Soares & Soares, 1948;
number of species as Peru (157 species) for a much smaller 1949; 1954 and Soares et al., 1994) and the Stygnidae and
area, but this is expected because of the highly varied Gonyleptidae Caelopyginae were reviewed by Pinto-da-
terrain, creating many areas of endemism. Colombia, also Rocha (1996 and 2001). The condition and status of the
with a varied contour of three mountain chains, has a fauna types of Pachylinae described by Roewer were reviewed by
of 152 species, but this number is only a fraction of the real Acosta (1996c).
— the coastal, Pacific and Amazon basin departments are In spite of past efforts, many inaccuracies and some
unexplored. The West Indies and Caribbean have altogether confusion remain, making the systematics of American
142 species, the endemism enhanced by the fragmentation Laniatores an awful nightmare (J. Coddington, in lit.).
of the earth masses in numerous islands. The United States, There is a large portion of papers (almost one fourth: 175
in spite of the large dimensions and the varied terrain out of 774) written in Portuguese, and these, especially
possesses a relatively less diverse fauna (compared to when nomenclatorial acts are concealed amidst the text, or
Brazil, about the same area) with 126 species. Mexican “buried in verbiage” — to cite another cataloguer (Craw-
Opiliones have been given a synoptic overview in Kury & ford, 1992) — are also a major hindrance to accurate
Cokendolpher (2000). Laniatores are fairly abundant with tabulation of taxonomy. A native Portuguese speaker, as
125 species. The small countries of Central America are me, should be the ideal person to deal with this kind of
more or less well known, highlighting Costa Rica (with 104 information.
species) and on the other side Nicaragua with only 2 I have not tried in general to refine information on
species. Central America as a whole has 204 species of repositoires such as number of males, females, etc., but in
Laniatores. The records of the fauna of Laniatores of the the case of my museum, with all remaining types in my
Guyanas (79 species in total) are centered around the three hands, I corrected everything, including the new assignment
capitals on the coast, and the closer one gets to the Amazon of many types of “unknown depository” to the Museu
drainage, the more unknown the fauna becomes. The Nacional, and checked all published collection numbers. I
Argentinean fauna (83 species) has been extensively tried in vain to keep taxonomic changes to a minimum,
studied by researchers such as Acosta, Maury, Ringuelet inasmuch as I think this is not the ideal vehicle for nomen-
and Canals, and the pace of discovery of new species is clatorial acts which need to be documented with illustra-
considerably slower now. A significant part of its fauna is tions, explanations, lists of material examined, etc., but this
composed of widespread species, recorded from many information could not be quickly prepared for publication
provinces, although there are many endemics (see Acosta elsewhere and in many cases I proposed new synonymies
& Maury, 1998). The Chilean fauna (86 species) is highly of species and genera and even new suprageneric taxa
different from its neighbors, as it has circumantarctic always followed by explanations. A list of the nomenclatu-
elements in common to Australia and South Africa. Nort- ral acts performed in this catalogue is given in the end to
hern Chile is a wasteland for Opiliones. With the obvious help locate the taxonomic changes herein proposed.
8 Adriano B. Kury
Earlier authors such as Perty coined mainly descripti- subfamily and were subsequently transferred, with indica-
ve names such as Eusarcus (“fat”) and Discosoma (“roun- tion of present assignment, following the style of Platnick
ded body”). These are self-explanatory and need no detailed (1993). This can be used to easily keep track of what
explanation of their etymology. The beautiful names based happened to certain names you see in literature and do not
on history and mythology (mainly Greek) created by Simon see anymore in the main list of a given subfamily.
and Sørensen, when possible, have their origin explained An immense effort has been made to locate the place
here. The dreadful, uninspired and sometimes cumbersome names present in literature, and all original data have been
names created by Roewer and Mello-Leitão and followers completed as much as possible by updating changed names
(e.g. Metacynortoides, Progonyleptoidellus), and which are and by the addition of first order political divisions (depart-
deformations of place names, people’s names and (the ments, provinces, regions or states), which were omitted in
worst!) pre-existing generic names, are best left alone. many original descriptions, e.g. the Peruvian localities of
Papers dealing with biology are scarce and as they do Roewer. For each species the type locality and recorded
add useful information for systematic purposes they are distribution are added in the following manner:
also present here in the citations. Likewise, the numerous
TYPE LOCALITY — COUNTRY. STATE. County: Precise
publications by speleologists containing faunal cave lists
locality, elevation (if available).
are included. There is, perhaps surprisingly, a large number
RECORDS — COUNTRY 1. STATE 1. County: Precise
of M.Sc. dissertations and Ph.D. theses dealing with
locality (author and year of record). STATE 2. Locality 1;
systematics and/or biology of harvestmen in America
locality 2. State 3. Locality 1 (Museum collection number,
(Acosta, 1989a; Cunha Filho, 1955; Gnaspini, 1993; Jim,
new record). COUNTRY 2. STATE. Locality. COUNTRY
1985; 1994; Kury, 1991d; 1993b; Mora, 1987; Morales
3. Locality (author and year of record).
Soto, 1980; Pérez, 1999; Pinto-da-Rocha, 1994a; 1997b;
Ramos E., 1962; Santos, 1998; B. Soares, 1945i, Tourinho, All coordinate (equally ranked) names are listed in
2000), but their results are not included herein, because alphabetical order — The countries are typed in CAPI-
they do not constitute publications in the sense of the ICZN TALS. First order political divisions (states, provinces or
(1999). departments) are typed in SMALL CAPITALS. Second order
For each generic name heading follows a synonymy political subdivisions such as municipalities, districts or
containing all synonymized genera and corresponding counties are composed in normal type, as are the detailed
systematic literature in chronological order. The pages locality names, which are preceded by colons (:). Within
indicated for the citations refer only to headings or to the each country, state names are separated by semicolons (;) if
appearance of the name in a key only when not repeated a locality was not specified, otherwise they are separated by
below in the text. Names which appear in a key and later on periods (.). In Amazonia, locality names are often followed
in the text in the same article are only cited by the latter in by an indication of the nearest river (“Rio” in Portuguese).
this catalog. Also included in this catalog are citations of For extremely unfamiliar or doubtful places, coordinates or
taxa B and C of the type: [when describing a taxon A] “it short remarks have been also added.
differs from taxon B by...” or “it is most closely related to For ease of reference, the administrative divisions of
taxa B and C”. the countries adopted here (and based mainly on the list
The type species is indicated after each generic name given at CIA — The World Factbook 2000: http://www.cia.
in the synonymic list. In the same way, for each specific gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html) are as follows:
name, the type material is indicated in parentheses. For
ARGENTINA: 23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia),
each junior synonym the author and date of the synonymy
and 1 federal district (Distrito Federal). 1. Buenos Aires, 2.
is indicated. In specific synonymies, the citations are
Catamarca, 3. Chaco, 4. Chubut, 5. Córdoba, 6. Corrientes, 7.
ordered by the specific names and then by chronological Entre Ríos, 8. Formosa, 9. Jujuy, 10. La Pampa, 11. La Rioja,
order. Subspecies are treated as different species. 12. Mendoza, 13. Misiones, 14. Neuquén, 15. Río Negro, 16.
The generic or specific (by unawareness of the use of Salta, 17. San Juan, 18. San Luis, 19. Santa Cruz, 20. Santa
the previous use of the same specific name) names that are Fe, 21. Santiago del Estero, 22. Tierra del Fuego, Antartica e
junior primary homonyms are followed by [preocc. author, Islas del Atlantico Sur and 23. Tucumán. The Distrito Federal
in the list is included in the province of Buenos Aires.
year], while the specific junior secondary homonyms are
BOLIVIA: 9 departments (departamentos, singular - departamen-
followed by [junior secondary homonym of species]. The
to). 1. Chuquisaca, 2. Cochabamba, 3. [El] Beni, 4. La Paz, 5.
specific names wrongly applied in virtue of a misidentifica-
Oruro, 6. Pando, 7. Potosí, 8. Santa Cruz and 9. Tarija.
tion are indicated by [non author, year — misidentifica- BRAZIL: 26 states (estados, singular - estado) and 1 federal
tion]. district (distrito federal). 1. Acre, 2. Alagoas, 3. Amapá, 4.
Generic synonymies made without detailing the new Amazonas, 5. Bahia, 6. Ceará, 7. Espírito Santo, 8. Goiás, 9.
specific combinations, are common in the literature. Herein Maranhão, 10. Mato Grosso, 11. Mato Grosso do Sul, 12.
the mandatory implicit specific combinations are not Minas Gerais, 13. Pará, 14. Paraíba, 15. Paraná, 16. Pernam-
buco, 17. Piauí, 18. Rio de Janeiro, 19. Rio Grande do Norte,
considered “new combinations” and are interpolated in the
20. Rio Grande do Sul, 21. Rondonia, 22. Roraima, 23. Santa
synonymic list followed by the comment: [by implication].
Catarina, 24. São Paulo, 25. Sergipe and 26. Tocantins. The
Immediately after the literature entries of each
Distrito Federal in the list is included in the Goiás state.
subfamily, under the heading “Transferred to other subfami-
CANADA: 10 provinces and 3 territories (1. Northwest Territo-
lies” appear all genera that once were referred to that ries, 2. Nunavut, 3.Yukon Territory). 1. Alberta, 2. British