Animal Welfare Information Center newsletter

26 Pages·1995·3.2 MB·English

by  Animal Welfare Information Center (U.S.)

Historic, Archive Document
Do assume
not content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

X
Animal
Welfare
Winter 1995/1996
Information Center Vol. 6, No. 2-4
j ISSN: 050-561
1
Newsletter
,
Laboratory Animals Space
Congress in
Sciences Research
Session Life
In
by
Gary L. Borkowski, D.V.M., M.S., Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
by Cynthia Smith
Pennsylvania; William W. Wilfinger, Ph.D., Biotech Express, St. Bernard, Ohio;
• H.R. 2179 To amend the Marine Philip K. Lane, M.D., LockheedMartin EngineeringandSciences Services
Mammal Protection Act of 1972 to Company NationalAeronautics andSpaceAdministration (NASA Ames
, )
support the International Dolphin Research Center, Moffelt Field, California
Conservation Program in the east-
ern tropical Pacific Ocean, and for Abstract develop and test the engineering design
other purposes. concepts that would be required to sup-
nimals have been invaluable in port human space exploration. Initial-
RandyInCturondnuicnegdhaAmug(uRs-tC3A,)19a9n5d, by ^-space life sciences research ly, animals were used as surrogates to
and have contributed greatly to the cur- test the suitability ofthe space environ-
referred to the Committee on Resour- rent database of
ces. This Act may be cited as the "In- knowledge in this
ternational Dolphin Conservation Act field. This article
Amendments of" 1995." presents an overview
The purposes ofthis act are the ofthe historical invol
following: to ensure a viable and vement of animals,
ecologically sound tuna fishery in the* describes the
eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, includ- hardware and logis-
ing avoidance ofbycatch ofnontar- tics offlying animal
geted marine species, maintenance of payloads on the
healthy stocks oftuna, and protection space shuttle or-
ofmarine mammal populations; to biters, and discusses
otherwise strengthen and improve in- future plans for
ternational efforts to reduce inciden- animal experiments
tal dolphin mortality to insignificant in space.
levels approaching a zero mortality
and serious injury rate as required by Introduction
(cont'd p.17)
Since the begin-
ning ofmodern space
exploration, animals
ALSO IN THIS ISSUE... have accompanied
and sometimes
Manatee 8
P- preceded humans as
The Librarian and the IACUC 9
P- space travelers. Ex-
New Enrichment Publication 11
P- tensive animal ex-
Computer Simulations 12
P- perimentation was
Feed/Gain Research-Alternatives 14
P- used in both the
Disabilities Act 19
P- United States and
Announcements 20
P- Soviet/Russian space
Upcoming Meetings 21
P- programs to collect
Grants 22
P- the medical
AWIC Workshops 24
P- knowledge and
(Photo courtesyofNASA)
MD
National Agricultural Library, AWIC, Beltsville, 20705 Phone [phone] Fax [phone] E-mail [email protected]
The next significant involvement
Physiological Changes Space
in oflaboratory animals in aerospace re-
search occurred during the "space race"
Space Flight ofthe late 1950's. Sputnik II, a Soviet
(bio)satellite launched in November of
1957, carried a dog (Canisfamiliaris)
named Laika, and Sputnik III, IV, and
V
carried mice, rats and dogs. In the
United States in 1958, three separate
mouse payloads were flown in the nose
cone ofThor-Able rockets. Physiologi-
cal telemetry data were obtained from
the animals during their 20-minute ex-
posure to microgravity. The Bioflight
series of 1958-59 contained a squirrel
monkey (Saimiri sciureus) named Old
Muscle
Degradation Reliable (Bioflight 1), and a rhesus
monkey (Abel) and a squirrel monkey
- LoseofBody (Baker) on Bioflight 2. The Bioflight 1
~Orthostatic Fluidsand
experiment collected telemetry data on
Intolerance Salts
Lossof physiological parameters, and the
_iEmxpearicriesde "_ AUlrtienree/dPlasma LRoesdsCoeifl ~ LBeoadny BCaolnceiumLossand Bioflight 2 payload was successfully
Capacity Composition Mass Tissue Demineralfatatton recovered. Later in 1959 and 1960, two
rhesus monkeys named Sam and Miss
Figure 1. Physiological Changes Due to Exposure to Microgravity Sam were separately launched to an al-
titude of 84 km and performance data
ment for human habitation. Once it Laboratory Animals were collected as the animals were ex-
was determined that complexbiological Demonstrate That Living posed to microgravity. The equipment
organisms could live in space, humans Organisms Can Survive in that would be used on the manned Mer-
ventured into space, and took animals Space cury flights was successfully tested on
along as experimental subjects. This these missions. In 1961, before Alan
situation continues today aboard the The preliminary physiological and Shepard's historic ballistic space flight
space shuttle orbiters, as well as on biological testing for aerospace re- (May 5, 1961), a chimpanzee (Pan
Russian spacecraft (4,12). search occurred at the Physiological troglodytes) named Ham was launched
Space exploration has advanced Research Laboratory at Wright Field in into space in a Mercury capsule that
significantly over the last five decades Dayton, Ohio. From 1935 to 1948, Dr. achieved an altitude of250 km and a
and animals continue to be used in Harry G. Armstrong used animals and range of662 km. He was monitored
microgravity investigations. Bjurstedt humans in ground-based altitude and with telemetry equipment and per-
has recently reviewed some ofthe adap- acceleration experiments. Based on formed discrete and continuous
tive cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, these pioneering studies, the first sub- avoidance tasks during the flight.
and neurovestibular changes that have orbital rocket-powered animal flight oc- Another chimp (Enos) also spent 3
been attributed to mAicrogravity ex- curred in June of 1948 when an anes- hours in a microgravity environment
posure (fig. 1) (6). primary focus of thetized rhesus macaque (Macaca before John Glenn's orbital flight
ongoing animal investigations is to mulatta) named Albert was launched (February 20, 1962). Once these criti-
determine how gravitational inputs aboard a V2 rocket at White Sands, cal flights were successfully completed
modulate the complex regulatory New Mexico. There were three addi- and recovered, there was confidence
mechanisms that maybe involved in tional V2 rocket flights in 1949 and that humans could live and work in
Earth-based diseases such as anemia, 1950 involving rhesus and cynomolgus space (2,7,17).
osteoporosis, muscular atrophy, and im- (Macaca nemestrina), but none ofthe During the Apollo era (1960-72),
mune system dysfunction (11,15,16). animal payloads were recovered alive most of the missions did not include
Many of these experiments use rodent because ofmechanical failures (2,8). animal payloads, as it had already been
payloads that are transported into In 1951 and 1952, three Aerobee shown that animals could survive in
space aboard the space shuttle. In this rocket flights took place, with mice and space. The last lunar mission (Apollo
report we will briefly survey some of nonhuman primates as test subjects. 17) did, however, include the
the pivotal animal studies that made The animals on the third flight flewto BIOCORE Pocket Mouse Radiation
human space flight possible and then an altitude of64.5 km at a speed of Experiments to study exposure to cos-
focus on the flight hardware that is cur- 3,200 kph and were exposed to mic particle radiation hazards. Five
rently used for microgravity animal in- microgravity for 2 minutes. Theywere pocket mice (Perognathus lon-
vestigations aboard the space shuttle. successfully recovered and were ap- gimembris) were housed in self-sustain-
propriately deemed "the first living ing, hermetically sealed, cylindrical
creatures to survive the test program aluminum canisters. Richard Sim-
monds, D.V.M., was instrumental in
(2,7,8)."
coordinating this experiment and was
2 AWICNewsletter, Winter 199511996, Volume 6, No. 2-4
involved with the postflight analysis as current understanding ofgravitational area, or within a laboratory research
well. NASA also launched three biology (9). module specifically configured for the
Biosatellites during the Apollo years, cargo bay. The orbiter middeck is the
and Biosatellite #3 carried a rhesus Space Shuttle Provides a housing option most frequently used
monkev (Bonnie) in orbit for 8 days More Suitable Environment for rodent experiments (fig. 2). The
"
(2,5). for Animal Research middeck contains 42 lockers for experi-
Skylab, the first U.S. orbiting ments and payloads. When rodent ex-
space station, was launched in May In 1981, NASA began using the periments are scheduled for launch
1973 and orbited the Earth until July Space Transportation System (STS) to aboard the shuttle, one to three lockers
1979, when it re-entered the Earth's at- carry payloads and astronauts into are configured with animal enclosure
mosphere and crashed in western space. The space shuttle orbiter is the modules (AEMs) (figs. 3-4). The
AEM
Australia. The Skylab-3 mission, flight vehicle for this system, that was originally developed by
launched on July 28, 1973, used six during launch also includes an external General Dynamics Company for the
pocket mice to study circadian rhythms fuel tank and a pair of solid-rocket Student Shuttle Flight Program and is
during spaceflight. These mice were boosters (SRBs). Other components of managed by the NASA Ames Research
housed in individual circular cages and the STS include the ground facilities Center (ARC) in Moffett Field, Califor-
instrumented for telemetry data collec- where the shuttle is prepared for flight nia. The AEMs are currently being
tion, but a power failure 30 hours into and tracked and monitored during each tested and modified to support future
the mission resulted in loss ofthe ex- mission. There are currently four microgravity investigations with mice.
periment (2,5). space shuttle orbiters in operation. On The AEM is a small, portable, self-con-
This briefhistoric overview only April 12, 1981, Columbia was the first tained, animal holding facility that is
summarizes the seminal flight experi- orbiter to be launched from Kennedy designed to fit within a single middeck
ments in which animals have been used Space Center. Challenger, Discovery, locker. It can be integrated into the
to significantly advance our under- and Atlantis were subsequently added middeck 12-18 hours before launch and
A
standing ofgravitational physiology. to the fleet between 1983 and 1985. En- recovered within 3-6 hours after the or-
detailed and comprehensive chronologi- deavour, the newest orbiter, replaced biter lands, thereby providing great ver-
AEM
cal review ofnumerous experiments Challenger, which exploded shortly satility for the investigator. Each
that have contributed to our current un- after launch on January 28, 1986 contains sufficient food (rodent food
derstanding of aeronautical and (1,2,18). The diversity of animal bars) for the duration ofthe mission as
aerospace medicine can be obtained in payloads that have flown aboard the well as an onboard water supply that
other reports (2,5,7,8). It is also impor- space shuttle is summarized in figure 2. can be periodically replenished on
tant to note that microgravity investiga- All of the animal experiments that orbit. Approximately 18 hours before
tions involving plant and animal tissues have flown aboard the space shuttle launch, the animals are transferred to
have contributed significantly to our have either been housed in the middeck an AEM, transported to the launch
pad and loaded into a middeck
STS# EXPERIMENT ORBITER DATES ANIMAL PAYLOAD locker. Five to eight rats are nor-
8 SSIP-8 Challenger August 30-September5, 1983 6 Lewis rats in AEM mally housed in each AEM, but the
absolute number depends on the
10/41-B SSIP-10 Challenger February3-February 11, 1984 6 Lewis rats in AEM strain and weight ofthe animal, as
17/51-B SL3 Challenger April 29-May6, 1985 2 Squirrel monkeys & 24 SD rats in RAHF well as the duration ofthe mission.
29 SSIP-3/SE82-8 Discovery March 13-March 18, 1989 4 Long Evans rats inAEM Longer duration missions require
larger food reserves and smaller
41 PSE-01 Discovery October6-October 10, 1990 16 SD rats in AEM animal payloads to meet the mid-
40 SLS-1 Columbia June5-June 14, 1991 29 SD rats in RAHF & AEM deck locker safety weight con-
48 PARE-01 Discovery September 12-September 18, 1991 8 SD rats in AEM straints (5,7).
AEM
The can be thought of
47 SL-J Endeavour September 12-September20, 1992 4S. African Clawed frogs in FEU
& 2 Koifish (Carp) inJapanesehardware as a miniature laboratory animal
52 PSE-02 Columbia October22-November 1, 1992 12 SD rats in AEM facility in the sense that it contains
all ofthe components that are re-
54 PARE-02 Endeavour January 13-January 19, 1993 6 SD rats inAEM quired for maintenance of the
56 PARE-03 Discovery April 8-April 17, 1993 16 SD rats inAEM animals during a mission. Daily
57 PSE03 Endeavour June21-July 1, 1993 12 F344rats inAEM health checks can be accom-
modated during flights by opening
58 SLS-2 Columbia October 18-November 1, 1993 48 SD rats in RAHF the locker cover and pulling the
60 IMMUNE-01 Discovery February 3-February 11, 1994 12 CD rats inAEM AEM from its stowage position
A
62 PSE04 Columbia March4-March 18, 1994 12 F344 rats inAEM within the locker. transparent
plastic cover on the surface of the
66 NIHR-01 Atlantis November3-November 14, 1994 10 pregnant SD rats inAEM animal chamber enables the
63 IMMUNE-02 Discovery February 3-February 11, 1995 12 SD rats in AEM astronauts to observe the animals
(70) NIHR-02 Discovery July 13-July22, 1995 10 pregnant SD rats inAEM at any time during the mission.
Food and water consumption can
(72) NIHR-03 Endeavour January 11-January20, 1995 6 lactatingSD ratsand neonates in AEM
be monitored, and the water reser-
Figure 2. Vertebrate Animal Payload Summary for Space Shuttle Orbiters voir bags can be refilled during the
AlVICNewsletter, Winter 1995/1996, Volume 6, No.2-4 3
nciosure Moouie ticulate air (HEPA)/charcoal filter and
into the animal quarters. After the air
passes through the cage, it traverses a
second filter where all particulate mat-
ter and odors are removed before the
A
Exhaust Filter air is returned to the orbiter cabin.
continuous airflow of about 15-20 cubic
feet per minute is achieved with this sys-
A DC
tem. 28-volt orbiter power supp-
ly is used to power the various electri-
AEM
cal components within the after
integration into the middeck locker.
Ambient
Temperature During transit to and from the orbiter,
AEM
Recorder the is connected to an external
Bracket battery pack (7,13).
The Spacelab module was
developed and built by the European
Air InletSlot Space Agency (ESA) and mounted
is
Timer Power in the orbiter cargo baywhen it is
flown. This unique international
Timer
Powe laboratory facility converts into an on-
orbit research center that can provide
additional animal space for rodents
and nonhuman primates. The Re-
Figure 3. Animal Enclosure Module Components search Animal Holding Facility
(RAHF), when placed into a standard
flight as required. Although the day period ofthe 12-hour light:12-hour Spacelab double rack, provides hous-
animals can be easilyvisualized, the dark cycle, and two backup lights. The ing space for up to 24 rats (350 g) or
AEMs
are tightly sealed, and the lamps provide an illumination of ap- four 1-kg squirrel monkeys (figs. 5-7).
animals are not accessible for manipula- proximately 14 lux at the center ofthe The RAHF provides environmental
tion or treatment (3,7).The animal cage animal cage. The lighting timer has a control, food, water, illumination, and
AEM
portion ofthe consists ofa battery-powered clock that is inde- waste management control for the
removable rectangular stainless steel pendent ofthe orbiter power supply to animals. In contrast to the animals
mesh screen (24 X 36 X 22 cm). A por- ensure consistent light cycles. Air cir- housed within the AEM, the animal
tion of this cage volume is occupied by culation is accomplished by four fans cages can be removed from the RAHF
awaterbox that can hold up to 1.5 liters that pull cabin air to the back ofthe and transported to the General Pur-
AEM
ofwater to supply the lixits. cage and through a high efficiency par- pose Work Station (GPWS). The
Bonting et al, have recently compared
AEM
the to the environment recom-
mended in the 1985 NIH Guide to the
Care and Use ofLaboratoryAnimals
(7). The AEM meets most ofthe NIH
guidelines, except for a somewhat in-
creased housing density and an in-
creased ambient temperature. In
launchpad orientation, available floor
space is about 710 cm", with about
14,750 cm3 ofhabitable space on orbit.
AEM
Temperatures within the routine-
ly average about 30°C and run 3-5°C
warmer than ambient middeck
temperatures in the orbiter. The
AEM's do not have active thermal con-
trol, therefore the temperature within
the habitat depends totally on the mid-
A
deck cabin temperature. battery-
powered internal temperature recorder
is used to log the temperatures within
AEM
the so that a detailed tempera-
ture record can be reconstructed
postflight. There are four internal
lamps, two ofwhich are used during the Figure 4. Animal Enclosure Module
AW
4 CNewsletter, Winter 199511996, Volume 6, No. 2-4
GPWS is a laminar flow workbench The AEM and RAHF arc the The SLSPO (Space Life Sciences
that has glove ports for two astronauts only flight-certified hardware that can Payload Office) foodbar diet was
to simultaneously work in the unit. In- be currently used for warm-blooded developed over the last 15 years at
GPWS ARC
side the the animal cages can be vertebrate animal experimentation in support of rodent spaceflight
opened and the animals can be aboard the orbiter. Due to the size and experimentation. It is composed of a
removed for tissue or fluid sample col- unique requirements ofthe hardware, dry rodent diet (NASA Experimental
lection, the administration of specific all animal experiments are flown either Rodent Diet #93062) prepared by Har-
treatments, or euthanasia and tissue col in the middeck area ofthe orbiter lan Teklad (Madison, WI), supple-
lection (3,5,7). (AEM) or in the Spacelab module mented with minerals and vitamins, and
AEM
The animals are transported and (RAHF). Upgrades to the under then formed and extruded into bars
RAHF
loaded into the 36 hours prior consideration include on-orbit food with a final water content of about 26
to launch. To accomplish transfer of replenishment capability and connec- percent. The foodbars are then
the animals from the middeck entry tion oftemperature monitors within the vacuum-sealed in plastic and radiation-
AEM
portal to the Spacelab, a Module Verti- cage to the orbiter data system, sterilized. The foodbars have been suc-
cal Access Kit (MVAK) is used. The to permit realtime downlink" ofin-cage cessfully used with rats and are current-
MVAK
uses a system ofropes and pul- temperatures. The Flight Payloads Of- ly being evaluated for use with mice.
leys to lower the technicians from the fice ofthe Life Sciences Division at
middeck entrance portal through the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) Ground Control Flight
orbiter airlock and tunnel Simulation And
adapter and into the Spacelab Animal Monitoring
module while the orbiter is in
the vertical position on the The location ofthe
launchpad. The cage as- animals aboard the orbiter
semblies containing the ex- determines the type and de-
perimental animals are then gree ofmonitoring and interac-
transferred into the Spacelab tion that can occur between
module and loaded into the the mission specialists and the
RAHF. Individual RAHF ro- animals. Animals that are
dent cage assemblies are housed in the middeck lockers
designed to house two rats. are not accessible to the shut-
AEMs
Each cage provides a habitat tle crew because the
X X
space of 10.8 10.8 26 cm, are securely sealed after the
uses rodent food bars as a animals are loaded into the
nutrient source, and contains cages. Daily observations by
RAHF
two water lixits. The the mission specialists are
water supply, food cassettes limited to opening the locker
AEM,
and detachable rodent waste door, sliding out the
management tray assemblies and observing the animals
can all be changed out and through the transparent cover.
replenished on orbit (2,3). These observations are
The primate housing recorded in log books and also
units are also designed to in- downlinked to the payload
RAHF
terface with the con- scientists for evaluation.
trol module. A door on the Animal health and activity,
front ofthe cages permits food and water supplies are
limited access to the animals. monitored during the flight,
Each cage is equipped with an and the water reservoir is
emergency restraint refilled as necessary.
mechanism that enables the Since October 1992, mid-
astronauts to restrain the Figure 5. Research Animal Holding Facility in Spacelab deck temperature, humidity,
animals in-flight. Because of Module and gas pressure data have
the limited number of been downlinked to the Life
primates that can be accommodated is currently designing the Advanced Sciences Support Facilities (LSSF) at
within the RAHF and the resulting ef- Animal Habitat (AAH), wAhEicMh is Kennedy Space Center (KSC). The
fect this factor has on experimental schedAuAleHd to replace the in 1998. data are collected and used to control
designs, the primate cage modules have The environment will have active the Orbital Environmental Simulator
to date been used only for the Spacelab heat rejection and will maintain (OES) where the ground control
3 mission (STS-51B, April 1985), and temperatures in the 22°CA-2A8H°C range. AEMs are housed. Because ofthe time
there are no current plans to use Other capabilities in the include delays associated with the downlink of
primates again on any projected shuttle on-orbit food and water replenishment, orbiter data, the ground control
mission through the turn ofthe century on-orbit animal access, built-in video animals are processed and handled in a
(2). monitoring capability, and realtime manner identical to the flight animals
data downlink capability.
AWICNewsletter, Winter 199511996, Volume 6, No.2-4 5
Research Animal Holding Facility Research Animal Holding Facility
(RAHF)
(RAHF)
Rodent Module Squirrel Monkey Module
WaterTank WaterTank
Upper
WaterManifold WaterManifold
Electronics
Spacelab Port Boxand Spacelab Port
SideRack Control Panel SideRack
Upper
Electronics
Box and
Control Panel CageModuleDoor
m
Environmental
2 Control
Cage Monkey
System
fi
Module Feeder
Door Feeder
Control
Rodent
Cage
Assem
Spacelab Floor Spacelab Floor
Figure 6. Rodent Housing Unit for Spacelab Figure 7. Squirrel Monkey Housing Unit for Spacelab
on a 24- or 48-hour time-delay basis. microgravity and radiation exposure, California to perform postflight proce-
Using the downlink data, the OES is there are currently no facilities at KSC dures, (2) have a full science team in
automatically controlled by a system of to mimic the noise (up to 120dB) and California perform postflight proce-
computers to emulate the middeck en- the g-forces oflaunch (3g) and landing dures on the flight animals, while the
vironment (temperature, CO2 fraction, (2g). There have been no reported or KSC science team performs postflight
relative humidity) aboard the orbiter. observed detrimental health effects in procedures on control animals in
The OES is not capable ofmimicking the animals as a result ofexposure to Florida, (3) fly the flight animals from
the pressure and gas composition chan- these stressors, but this dissimilaritybe- California to Florida for postflight
ges that occur ifthere is extravehicular tween the ground controls and the analysis in Florida, (4) fly the control
activity (EVA) during the mission. flight animals must be considered for animals from Florida to California for
The ability to manipulate animals experimental planning. postflight analysis in California, or (5)
housed in cages in the RAHF is a sig- The primary landing site for the fly the flight animals from California
nificant advantage for the ex- orbiters is the landing strip at KSC, and the ground control animals from
perimenter. However, until the Space with NASA's Dryden Flight Research Florida to the principal investigator's
Life Sciences-2 (SLS-2) mission (STS- Center at Edwards Air Force Base laboratory.
58, October 1993), this important ex- (near Mojave, California) serving as the
perimental intervention had not been alternate site (1). Iflanding occurs at International Space Station
RAHF
exploited. Since the hardware KSC, animals are removed from the or- Alpha
provides more sensitive environmental biter within 3-6 hours, transported to
control and monitoring capabilities, the LSSF, examined, and handled ac- The current plans for Internation-
ground control studies can be per- cording to experimental protocols. If al Space Station Alpha include several
formed with greater fidelity than is cur- bad weather at KSC or technical options for short- and long-term
rently possible with the AEM. problems force a Dryden landing, a microgravity housing of experimental
Although current procedures with backup scientific team receives and ex- animals. Currently, there are plans to
the ground control animals can simu- amines the animals. At that time, include a 2-meter diameter variable-g
late most orbiter low earth orbit en- several options are available: (1) fly the centrifuge facility (maximum lg)
vironmental parameters except primary science team from Florida to aboard Space Station Alpha to allow
for in-flight control animals. The
6 AWICNewsletter, Winter 199511996, Volume 6, No. 2-4
centrifuge rodent housing hardware is spacecraft is in a condition ofcon- Man in Flight. U.S. Government Print-
currently planned as an upgrade to the tinuous free-fall and thus, is in ing Office: Wright Patterson AFB, p. 1-
AAH, which will provide caging for up microgravity (< 1X10" g). 26.
to twelve 200-gram rats in a gang- 2)Realtime downlink - The process 9. Dickson, K.J. (1991). Summary of
housed environment. On-orbit access oftransmitting data (as it is generated) biologAicSaGlSspBaceflight experiments with
to animals, active temperature control, from the orbiter (250-km altitude) via a cells. Bulletin 4:151-260.
video monitoring, and food and water TDRS (Tracking and Data Relay Sys-
NASA 10. Engel, L.A. (1991). Effect of
replenishment will be incorporated in tem) satellite to ground stations. Mic_ rogravity on the Respiratory Sys-
TDRS
such hardware. Housing hardware for satellites are positioned in tem. Journal ofApplied Physiology
other species, and laboratory facilities geosynchronous orbit (37,000-km al- 70:1907-11.
for on-orbit collection and analysis of titude) and provide downlink coverage
for approximately 75 minutes ofeach 11. Grigoriev, A.I. and A.D.
specimens, will be incorporated in the 90-minute shuttle orbit ofthe Earth. Egorov (1992).Advances in Space Biol-
Space Station Life Sciences Suite. The ogy andMedicine. S.L. Bonting, editor.
Space Station, once operational, will 3)To be placed on the mailing list JAI Press: Greenwich, CT: JAI Press,
significantly improve the capabilities to for NASA Research Announcements p. 1-42.
perform animal-based experiments in a (NRA's) and Announcements of Op-
12. Grindeland, R.E. (1990). Cos-
microgravity environment. portunity (AO), contact: mos 1887: Science Overview. The
National Aeronautics and Space FASEB
Journal 4(1):10-15.
Administration
Conclusions
Office ofLife and Microgravity 13. Grove, J.L. (1992). Animal
The ability to conduct life sciences Sciences and Applications Enclosure Module (AEM) Crew Train-
experimentation in space has been pivo- (OLSMA) ing Familiarization Manual. NASA
TrainingManual (CT-080) :1-18.
tal to our understanding ofhow biologi- Mail Code UP
cal processes are affected by Washington, DC 20546-0001. 14. Lange, R.D., L.A. Gibson, T.B.
microgravity. The early animal space Driscoll, Z. Alleban and A.T. Ichiki
,
explorers paved the way for humans to References (1994). Effects of microgravity and in-
A creased gravity on bone marrow ofrats.
venture into space. variety of animal
models have been used to evaluate an 1. Kennedy Space Center (1991). In- Aviation andSpace Environmental
formation Summaries: Countdown! Medicine 65:730-35.
acslsuodretdmpernotpeolflfalnitghtsyisstseumess,trhaadtihaatvioenine-x- N[PAMSSA0L1a8u-nBc(hKSVCe)h]ic.lKesenanneddFyacSilpiatciees , 15. Lanzerotti, L.J. (1990). U.S.
space research programs: future
posure, life support systems, and Center. prospects.Aviation and Space Environ-
recovery procedures. In the absence of
mentalMedicine 61:1052-57.
animal models, this work would have 2. Souza K., R. Hogan, and R. Bal-
progressed much more slowly and with lard, editors (1993). Life Into Space - 16. Ma/zaschi, A. (1990). NASA's
far grCeuartreernhtluym,aannirmisakl.s often accom- SYNepAaarScse:AL1iA9fm6e5eS-sc1i9Re9ne0cse(esaCrEoxcmphmeeCreninmttesenrtE:dsiM-toi2fo5fne)t.t FsmpaAajScoEerBlgirfeowstcihenincetsheprdoegcraadme saehteafdor. Vie
Journal 4(l):3-4.
pany astronauts on space shuttle flights, Field, CA, p. 29-89.
and they are being used to further our 17. McDonough, T.R. (1987).
understanding ofbiological changes 3. Souza K., R. Hogan, and R. Bal- Space: The Next Twenty-Five Years. D.
lard, editors (1993). Life Into Space - Soebel, editor. John Wiley & Sons:
tphoasturoecc(u1r0,d1u4r,i20n)g.miItcrisognroawviktynoexw-n that SYepaarcse:L1i9f6e5S-c1i9e9n0ce(sCEoxmpmeernimtesntEdsit-i2o5n).: New York, p. 9-30.
weightlessness produces certain NASA Ames Research Center: Moffett 18. McDonough, T.R. (1987).
physiological changes that may produce Field, CA, Appendix III. Space: Tlie Next Twenty-Five Years. D.
&
uosfeEfaurltehx-pbearsiemdendtiasleamsoedsesluschfoarssotsu-dies (19940.).BaUl.lSar.d/,U.RS..SW..R.anJdoinJt.PR.eCsoenanroclhlym SNoeewbelY,orekd,itopr..3J1o-h43n.Wiley Sons:
teoporosis, immune dysfunction, ves- Space Biology and Medicine on Cos- 19. Meehan, R.T., L.S. Neale, E.T.
tibular disorders, wound healing impair- mos Biosatellites. The FASEB Journal Kraus, CA. Stuart, M.L. Smith, and
ment, anemia, and aging (19). Thejudi- 4(l):5-9. N.M. Cintron (1992). Alteration in
human mononuclear leucocytes follow-
cious use and application of experimen- 5. Ballard, R.W. and R.C. Mains ing space flight. Immunology 76:491-97.
tal animal models to the study of com- (1990). Fundamentals ofSpace Biology.
plexbiomedical and pathophysiological M. Asashima and G.M.Malacinski, 20. Musacchia, X.J., J.M. Steffen,
problems will continue to provide new eds. Springer-Verlag: New York p. 21- R.D. Fell, and M.J. Dombrowski
,
insights into biological mechanisms that 41. (1990). Skeletal muscle response to
spaceflight whole body suspension, and
influe3nce our lives on Earth and in 6. Bjurstedt, H. (1992). Gravitation- recovery in rats.Journal ofApplied
space . al physiology in the 1990s. Tlie Physiology 69(6):2248-53.
Physiologist 35(1):S5-S11.
Endnotes Acknowledgement - Portions ofthis
7. Bonting, S.L., J.S. Kishiyama, and work were completed underthe auspices
app1l)iMeidctroogarcaovnidtiyt-ioAntoefrfmrece-ofmalmlonly BRi.oDl.ogAyrannod(M1e9d9i1)c.inAed.vaS.nLc.eBsoinntiSnpga,ceed. soefatrhceh,PeanNnASStaAteCCeenntteerrffoorrthCeelCloRme-mer-
within a gravitational field in which the JAI Press: Greenwich, CT, p. 279-325. cialDevelopment ofSpace (CCDS),
weight of an object is significantly 8. Dempsey, CA. (1985).AirForce Grant # NAGW 1196.
reduced compared to its weight at rest Aerospace MedicalResearch
on Earth. When orbiting Earth, a Laboratory: 50 Years ofResearch on
AWICNewsletter, Winter 1995/1996, Volume 6, No.2-4 7
Save the Manatee Club
The manatee is a large, Ranger Wayne Hartley, of Blue the United States; funds given to
aquatic mammal that can be Spring State Park, who says that his manatee research and manatee res-
found in the shallow, slow-moving favorite part ofthejob is "manatees, cue and rehabilitation efforts; and lob-
rivers, estuaries, saltwater bays, anything to do with them. I like greet- bying on the local, State, and Federal
canals, and coastal areas ofFlorida. ing them all in the fall when they levels to ensure better protection for
They are gentle and slow-moving come in, seeing them swim by," says manatees and their habitat.
animals and spend most oftheir time Ranger Hartley. "When they go out Currently, there are about 1,800
grazing for submerged plants and for the season, I wonder who's going manatees left in the United States,
basking in warm waters. A manatee to come back, what are they going to and they are listed as endangered by
adoption is a rare and original gift be- look like?" Wayne always has stories the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
cause it is a way to get to know one of to tell about the manatees -- who's ex- Many manatee deaths are human-re-
these unique animals—up close and pecting a new calf, who is "hanging" lated, with watercraft collisions
personal. responsible
Twenty- for the largest
three manatees number of
who live in these. Other
their natural causes of
environment human-re-
and winter at lated manatee
Blue Spring deaths include
State Park in ingestion of
Orange City, fish hooks, lit-
Florida, have ter, and
been chosen monofilament
for Save the line, entangle-
Manatee ment in crab
Club's (SMC) trap lines, and
Adopt-A- vandalism.
Manatee pro- Loss of
gram. For $20, habitat from
"parents'' coastal
receive an development
adoption cer- is associated
tificate, an un- with all of
derwater these.
photo of"their" Save the
manatee, the Manatee Club
manatee's life is a national,
history, and a PhotobyD.R.andT.L. Schrichte nonprofit or-
subscription to out with whom, which manatee has ganization es-
the SMC Newsletter. made the most visits, and who has tablished in 1981 by former Florida
Boomer, Brutus, Lucille and new scars (from being hit byboat Governor Bob Graham (now a U.S.
Paddy Doyle, Flash, Success, and A Senator) and singer-environmentalist
propellers). manatee adoption is a
Howie — these are names ofjust some way to learn about manatees and the Jimmy Buffett (cochairman ofSMC).
ofthe adoptees in SMC's Adopt-A- For more information on manatees,
environment.
Manatee program. Each manatee the Adopt-A-Manatee program, to
Funds from the Adopt-A-
has distinctive characteristics - Manatee program go toward helping receive a free copy ofmanatee protec-
B(1o,o8m00erpoiusncdusr!i)o,usL,ucBirlulteuiss nisohwugae tTohissavisedmoanneattehersoufgrhompuebxltiicncatwiaonr.e- tcioopnytoipfstfhoerSboMaCtergsif,tocrattaolorge,ceciavlel a
grandmother, and Paddy Doyle is feis- ness activities such as State and na- Save the ManateeSCMluCb at 1-800-432-
ty. Flash is shy, Successjust had her tional public service announcements JOIN, or write to at 500 N. Mait-
third calf, and Howie, well, Howie and "Caution - Manatee Area" signs land Ave., Maitland, FL 32751.
loves to upset the research canoe!
distributed free to Florida residents
Each newsletter contains an up-
living on the water; free education
date on the adoptees, written by
materials for school classes all across
8 AWICNewsletter, Winter 199511996, Volume 6, No. 2-4