Table Of Content

s.ir k o o B et V s.ir k o o B et V ks.ir ANIMAL o o B et V US_001_Half_Title.indd 1 10/04/17 11:51 am s.ir k o o B et V ANIMAL US_002-003_Title.indd 2 10/04/17 11:51 am s m i t h s o n i a n Smithsonian s.ir k o o B et V ANIMAL Editors-in-Chief David Burnie and Don E. Wilson US_002-003_Title.indd 3 10/04/17 11:51 am 4 s.ir k o o B Vet DORLING KINDERSLEY, LONDON SENIOR EDITORS Angeles Gavira, Peter Frances SENIOR ART EDITORS Ina Stradins, Vanessa Hamilton PROJECT EDITORS David Summers, Sean O’Connor ART EDITORS Kirsten Cashman, Philip Ormerod, Sara Freeman EDITORS Alison Copland, Lesley Riley, Polly Boyd DESIGNER Amir Reuveni ZOOLOGICAL EDITORS Kim Dennis-Bryan, Stephen Parker DTP DESIGNERS Louise Waller, Rajen Shah, Martin Nilsson, Simon Longstaff INDEXER Jane Parker PICTURE RESEARCHERS Cheryl Dubyk-Yates, Kate Duncan, Sean Hunter PRODUCTION CONTROLLERS Elizabeth Cherry, Michelle Thomas ILLUSTRATORS Richard Tibbets, Evi Antoniou, Paul Banville CATEGORY PUBLISHER Jonathan Metcalf ART DIRECTOR Bryn Walls DORLING KINDERSLEY, DELHI MANAGING EDITORS Ira Pande, Prita Maitra MANAGING ART EDITOR Shuka Jain PROJECT EDITORS Ranjana Saklani, Atanu Raychaudhuri PROJECT DESIGNER Shefali Upadhyay EDITORS Rimli Borooah, Kajori Aikat DESIGNER Pallavi Narain DESIGN ASSISTANCE Elizabeth Thomas, Suresh Kumar DTP COORDINATORS Jacob Joshua, Rajesh Bisht DTP DESIGNER Pankaj Sharma STUDIO CACTUS SCHERMULY DESIGN COMPANY SENIOR DESIGNER Sharon Moore SENIOR DESIGNER Hugh Schermuly PROJECT EDITOR Lizzie Mallard-Shaw DESIGNERS Phil Gamble, Nick Buzzard, Sally Geeve, Paul Stork SENIOR EDITOR Cathy Meeus EDITORS Joanna Chisholm, Jackie Jackson, Mary Pickles FOR THIS EDITION DORLING KINDERSLEY, LONDON PROJECT EDITOR Miezan van Zyl SENIOR ART EDITORS Ina Stradins US EDITOR Megan Douglass MANAGING ART EDITOR Michael Duffy MANAGING EDITOR Angeles Gavira Guerrero JACKETS EDITOR Claire Gell PRODUCER, PRE-PRODUCTION Jacqueline Street JACKET DESIGNER Mark Cavanagh PRODUCER Anna Vallarino JACKET DESIGN DEVELOPMENT MANAGER Sophia MTT ASSOCIATE PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Liz Wheeler ART DIRECTOR Karen Self PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Jonathan Metcalf DORLING KINDERSLEY, DELHI SENIOR EDITOR Suefa Lee PROJECT ART EDITOR Rupanki Arora Kaushik EDITORS Arpita Dasgupta, Isha Sharma MANAGING ART EDITOR Govind Mittal SENIOR MANAGING EDITOR Rohan Sinha JACKET DESIGNER Dhirendra Singh PRODUCTION MANAGER Pankaj Sharma JACKETS EDITORIAL COORDINATOR Priyanka Sharma DTP DESIGNERS Nand Kishor Acharya PRE-PRODUCTION MANAGER Balwant Singh PICTURE RESEARCHER Aditya Katyal SENIOR DTP DESIGNER Harish Aggarwal, Shanker Prasad PICTURE RESEARCH MANAGER Taiyaba Khatoon First American edition, 2001 This edition published in the United States in 2017 by DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2011, and 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001– 305352 – Sept/2017 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-6410-1 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 [email protected] Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com US_004-005_Imprint.indd 4 10/04/17 11:51 am 5 s.ir k o o B Vet EDITORS-IN-CHIEF DAVID BURNIE & DON E. WILSON MAIN CONSULTANTS MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES AMPHIBIANS DR. JULIET CLUTTON-BROCK, DR. FRANÇOIS VUILLEUMIER, CHRIS MATTISON PROFESSOR TIM HALLIDAY, DR. KIM DENNIS-BRYAN, ROB HUME, JEREMY JACOBS Zoologist and writer specializing in & & herpetology. Fellow of the Royal & DR. DON E. WILSON CARLA DOVE Photographic Society RONALD CROMBIE FISHES INVERTEBRATES PROFESSOR RICHARD DR. GEORGE C. MCGAVIN, DR. DR. M.G. HARASEWYCH, GARY F. KENSLEY, DR. DAVID PAWSON, DR. ROSENBLATT, RICHARD BARNES, DR. FRANCES HEVEL, KLAUS RUETZLER DR. FRANCES DIPPER, DIPPER DR. W. DUANE HOPE, DR. BRIAN F. & CAROLE BALDWIN, DR. STANLEY DR. STEPHEN CAIRNS, TIMOTHY WEITZMAN, DAVE JOHNSON COFFER, DR. KRISTIAN FAUCHALD, CONTRIBUTORS AND CONSULTANTS Dr. Richard Barnes Dr. Timothy M. Crowe Dr. Gavin Hanke Dr. Rodrigo A. Medellin Jeff Sailer FOR THIS EDITION Dr. Paul Bates Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan Derek Harvey Dr. Fridtjof Mehlum Dr. Scott A. Schaeffer ADDITIONAL CONSULTANTS Derek Harvey Dr. Simon K. Bearder Dr. Christopher Dickman Dr. Cindy Hull Chris Morgan Dr. Karl Schuchmann Darren Mann Deborah Behler Joseph A. DiCostanzo Dr. Barry J. Hutchins Rick Morris Prof. John D. Skinner John Behler Prof. Philip Donoghue Dr. Paul A. Johnsgard Dr. Bryan G. Nelson Dr. Andrew Smith FOR THE SMITHSONIAN Keith Betton Dr. Nigel Dunstone Dr. Angela Kepler Dr. Gary L. Nuechterlein Dr. Ronald L. Smith INSTITUTION Dr. Michael de L. Brooke Dr. S. Keith Eltringham Dr. Jiro Kikkawa Jemima Parry-Jones Dr. David D. Stone REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Dr. Charles R. Brown Prof. Brock Fenton Prof.Nigel Leader- Malcolm Pearch Dr. Mark Taylor Jeremy F. Jacobs Dr. Donald Bruning Joseph Forshaw Williams Prof. Christopher Perrins Dr. David H. Thomas FISH George H. Burgess Susan D. Gardieff Dr. Douglas Long Prof. Ted Pietsch Dr. Dominic Tollit Dr. Jeffrey T. Williams Dr. Kent E. Carpenter Dr. Anthony Gill Darren Mann Dr. Tony Prater Dr. Jane Wheeler INVERTEBRATES Norma G. Chapman Dr. Joshua Ginsberg Dr. Manuel Marin Dr. Galen B. Rathbun Dr. Ben Wilson Dr. Rafael Lemaitre Ben Clemens Prof. Colin Groves Chris Mattison Dr. Ian Redmond Dr. David B. Wingate Christopher Mayer Dr. Malcolm C. Coulter Dr. Jurgen H. Haffer Dr. George C. McGavin Dr. James D. Rising Dr. Hans Winkler Jonathan Norenburg Dominic M. Couzens Prof. Tim Halliday Dr. Jeremy McNeil Robert H. Robins Dr. Kevin Zippel Michael Vecchione US_004-005_Imprint.indd 5 26/04/17 3:41 pm 6 CONTENTS Mouselike rodents ...........................123 Cavylike rodents ..............................129 SPRINGHARES ........................................................132 ks.ir COLUGOS .................................................................132 o Bo FOREWORD ..................................................................8 THE ANIMAL TREE SHREWS ........................................................133 et V ABOUT THIS BOOK ..................................................10 PRIMATES ..................................................................134 KINGDOM 84 Prosimians ............................................................136 INTRODUCTION 12 Monkeys ................................................................140 Apes ........................................................................150 BATS ............................................................................156 WHAT ARE ANIMALS? ..................................14 HEDGEHOGS AND RELATIVES .........................162 EVOLUTION ..................................................16 SHREWS AND MOLES .........................................163 CLASSIFICATION ..........................................18 PANGOLINS ..............................................................165 CLADISTICS ..................................................20 CARNIVORES ...........................................................166 ANIMAL NAMES AND GROUPS ....................21 Dogs and relatives ............................................168 ANATOMY .....................................................26 Bears .......................................................................176 BEHAVIOUR ..................................................28 Sea lions, walrus, and seals .........................182 LIFE CYCLES ................................................30 Skunks ...................................................................186 ANIMALS IN DANGER ...................................32 Raccoons and relatives ..................................187 CONSERVATION ...........................................34 MAMMALS Red panda ............................................................190 86 Mustelids ...............................................................191 Malagasy carnivores .........................197 HABITATS 36 MAMMALS ...................................................................88 Mongooses ..........................................................198 EGG-LAYING MAMMALS ........................................92 Civets and relatives ...........................................199 MARSUPIALS ..............................................................93 Cats .........................................................................200 WORLD HABITATS ........................................38 SENGIS .......................................................................104 Hyenas and aardwolf .......................................208 GRASSLAND .................................................40 TENRECS AND GOLDEN MOLES ....................105 HOOFED MAMMALS .............................................210 DESERT .........................................................44 AARDVARK ................................................................106 Horses and relatives .........................................212 TROPICAL FOREST .......................................48 DUGONGS AND MANATEES .............................107 Rhinoceroses ......................................................214 TEMPERATE FOREST ....................................52 ELEPHANTS ..............................................................108 Tapirs .......................................................................217 CONIFEROUS FOREST .................................56 HYRAXES ...................................................................110 Pigs ..........................................................................218 MOUNTAINS ..................................................60 ARMADILLOS ...........................................................110 Hippopotamuses ...............................................220 POLAR REGIONS ..........................................64 SLOTHS AND ANTEATERS .................................111 Camels and relatives ........................................222 FRESHWATER ...............................................68 RABBITS, HARES, AND PIKAS ..........................113 Deer .........................................................................224 OCEANS ........................................................72 RODENTS ..................................................................116 Pronghorn .............................................................227 COASTS AND CORAL REEFS .......................76 Squirrel-like rodents .........................118 Giraffe and okapi ...............................................228 URBAN AREAS ..............................................80 Beaverlike rodents ...........................121 Cattle and relatives ...........................................230 US_006-007_Contents.indd 6 26/04/17 3:41 pm 7 CETACEANS .............................................................244 FALCONS AND CARACARAS ............................336 Baleen whales .....................................................246 PARROTS ...................................................................338 Toothed whales ..................................................250 PASSERINES ............................................................342 s.ir k o o B et V FISHES 466 REPTILES 370 FISHES ........................................................................468 REPTILES ...................................................................372 JAWLESS FISHES ..................................................472 TORTOISES AND TURTLES ................................374 CARTILAGINOUS FISHES ...................................473 TUATARAS .................................................................383 Sharks ....................................................................474 SNAKES .....................................................................384 Rays ........................................................................483 Boas, pythons, and relatives ........................386 BONY FISHES ..........................................................486 Colubrids ...............................................................393 Fleshy-finned fishes ..................................................488 Elapids ....................................................................399 Primitive ray-finned fishes ....................................489 Vipers ......................................................................402 Bony-tongued fishes ...............................................490 BIRDS 262 Blind and thread snakes .................................407 Tarpons and eels ........................................................491 LIZARDS .....................................................................408 Herrings and relatives .............................................494 BIRDS ..........................................................................264 Iguanas and relatives .......................................410 Catfish and relatives .................................................496 TINAMOUS ................................................................268 Geckos and snake-lizards .............................417 Salmon and relatives ...............................................501 OSTRICHES ..............................................................268 Skinks and relatives ..........................................420 Dragonfishes and relatives ..................................508 RHEAS ........................................................................269 Anguimorph lizards ...........................................426 Lanternfishes and relatives .................................509 CASSOWARIES AND EMUS ...............................269 AMPHISBAENIANS ................................................431 Codfishes and relatives .........................................510 KIWIS ...........................................................................269 CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS ....................432 Spiny-rayed fishes .............................................512 WATERFOWL ............................................................270 GAMEBIRDS .............................................................274 PENGUINS .................................................................278 DIVERS ........................................................................280 INVERTEBRATES 530 GREBES .....................................................................280 ALBATROSSES AND PETRELS .........................282 INVERTEBRATES ...................................................532 FLAMINGOS ..............................................................284 SPONGES ................................................................536 TROPICBIRDS ..........................................................286 CNIDARIANS ...........................................................537 STORKS .....................................................................286 FLATWORMS ..........................................................541 HERONS AND RELATIVES ..................................287 SEGMENTED WORMS ........................................542 GANNETS, CORMORANTS, AND RELATIVES ..290 ROUNDWORMS ....................................................543 HAWKS, EAGLES, AND RELATIVES ................294 MINOR PHYLA ........................................................544 BUSTARDS ...............................................................302 ARTHROPODS .......................................................546 MESITES ....................................................................302 Insects ....................................................................548 SERIEMAS .................................................................302 Centipedes and millipedes ............................578 KAGU AND SUNBITTERN ....................................303 Crustaceans ........................................................579 RAILS, CRANES, AND RELATIVES ...................303 AMPHIBIANS 436 Sea-spiders ..........................................................585 WADERS, GULLS, AND AUKS .........................306 Horseshoe crabs ...............................................585 SANDGROUSE ........................................................313 AMPHIBIANS ...............................................438 Arachnids ..............................................................586 PIGEONS ....................................................................313 NEWTS AND SALAMANDERS ......................440 MOLLUSKS ...............................................................594 HOATZIN ....................................................................315 CAECILIANS .................................................447 ECHINODERMS .......................................................602 TURACOS ..................................................................315 FROGS AND TOADS ....................................448 INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES .........................605 CUCKOOS .................................................................315 OWLS ..........................................................................316 NIGHTJARS AND FROGMOUTHS ...................321 HUMMINGBIRDS AND SWIFTS .........................323 MOUSEBIRDS ..........................................................326 TROGONS .................................................................326 CUCKOO ROLLER ................................................327 KINGFISHERS AND RELATIVES ........................327 GLOSSARY .................................................606 HOOPOES AND HORNBILLS .............................331 INDEX ..........................................................610 WOODPECKERS AND TOUCANS ...................332 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................632 US_006-007_Contents.indd 7 26/04/17 3:41 pm 8 FOREWORD s.ir The first man-made object was sent into a low orbit around the We know a lot about the physical composition of the earth k o o B earth in 1957, just three years after I was born. I was a schoolboy and through studying rocks and the fossil record we have et V when the first humans walked on the surface of the moon. been able to piece together the history of life. We know that Since then the exploration of space has continued steadily and evolution has produced, as Darwin eloquently put it, “endless instruments of increasing complexity have been launched into forms most beautiful and most wonderful,” but we are still space. One of these, Voyager 1, has even left our solar system. a very long way off putting a number on exactly how many The information gathered has revolutionized our understanding of species we share the earth with. What we do know for sure space, the birth and death of stars, and has widened our horizons is that relatively few of them, just shy of 3 percent, have a to the point where we have proved the existence of many planets backbone. Most species and the majority of animals are that might be similar to earth, orbiting stars in far-flung galaxies. It is invertebrates with 3 or more pairs of legs—insects, spiders, hard not be impressed at what we have achieved in such a short and crustaceans. Some estimates of global species numbers time. For a little over 400 years since Galileo first saw the moons have been set as high as 30 million or more, but a general of Jupiter, we have been looking outward—but in my lifetime consensus view is that it may be somewhere between we have been able to look back at ourselves. For me, one single 8 and 12 million species. Despite our increasing mastery image from all this monumental effort stands out and it is not one of biology, from discovering and deciphering the code of of a Martian landscape or the icy surface of a comet, but the now life to the making of synthetic organisms, it is very unlikely famous “blue marble” photograph of the earth, taken on December that we will ever name and catalog the full extent of life 7th, 1972, by the crew of the Apollo 17 spacecraft, at a distance of on our planet. We must, therefore, get used to the idea that about 45,000 kilometers. It shows us how small our home really is the majority of species will come and go without us ever and, more importantly, that it is finite. knowing they existed at all. US_008-009_Foreword.indd 8 10/04/17 11:51 am