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more information – www.cambridge.org/9781107030299 Animal Teeth and Human Tools ATaphonomicOdysseyinIceAgeSiberia Theculminationofmorethanadecadeoffieldworkandrelatedstudy,thisuniquebook usesanalysesofperimortemtaphonomyinIceAgeSiberiatoproposeanewhypothesis forthepeoplingoftheNewWorld. The authors present evidence based on examinations of more than 9000 pieces of human-andcarnivore-damagedbonefrom28latePleistoceneandtwospecialHolocene archaeologicalandpaleontologicalsites,includingcaveandopenlocations,whichspan morethan2000miles,fromtheObRiverintheWesttotheSeaofJapanintheEast.The observed bone damage signatures suggest that the conventional prehistory of Siberia needsrevisionand,inparticular,thatcavehyenashadasignificantinfluenceonthelives ofIceAgeSiberians. Thefindingsaresupportedbymorethan250photographs,whichillustratethebone damagedescribedandprovidea valuable insightintothecontextandlandscape ofthe fieldworkforthoseunfamiliarwithSiberia. ChristyG.TurnerIIisRegents’ProfessorEmeritusoftheSchoolofHumanEvolutionand SocialChange,ArizonaStateUniversity.Heisinternationallyrecognizedforhisworkon human dentition and, more recently, for his taphonomic studies of cannibalism in the AmericanSouthwest. Nicolai D. Ovodov is Chief Research Collaborator at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Novosibirsk, Russia. He is well known in Russia for his important con- tributionstoSiberianpaleontologyandpaleoanthropology. OlgaV.PavlovawasatranslatorwiththeRussianAcademyofSciencesformorethan30 yearsinboththeInstituteofGeologyandGeophysicsandtheInstituteofArchaeology andEthnography. Animal Teeth and Human Tools A Taphonomic Odyssey in Ice Age Siberia CHRISTY G. TURNER II ArizonaStateUniversity NICOLAI D. OVODOV InstituteofArchaeologyandEthnography,Novosibirsk OLGA V. PAVLOVA cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107030299 ©ChristyG.TurnerII,NicolaiD.OvodovandOlgaV.Pavlova2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Turner,ChristyG. Animalteethandhumantools:ataphonomicodysseyiniceageSiberia/ChristyG.TurnerII, NicolaiD.Ovodov,OlgaV.Pavlova. pages cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-03029-9 1. Tools,Prehistoric–Russia(Federation)–Siberia 2. Teeth,Fossil–Russia (Federation)–Siberia 3. Excavations(Archaeology)–Russia (Federation)–Siberia 4. Paleontology–Russia(Federation)–Siberia 5. Siberia (Russia)–Antiquities. I. Ovodov,NicolaiD. II. Pavlova,OlgaV.,TurnerII,ChristyG. III. Title. GN855.R9T87 2013 9470.01–dc23 2012040134 ISBN978-1-107-03029-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Acknowledgments pageviii Noteonphotographidentifications xi 1 Whatisperimortemtaphonomy,andwhystudyitinSiberia? 1 Introduction 1 Animaginarytaleofwinterdeath 11 2 Bonedamageanditsmeaning 26 Taphonomy:theman 26 Afewhistoricalaccountsofperimortemtaphonomy 28 Definitionsof26perimortemtaphonomicvariables 33 Pieceselection 49 Grandtotal 49 Summary 49 3 The30Siberianarchaeologicalandpaleontologicalsites,distributed fromtheObRivertotheSeaofJapan 52 1 AfontovaGora 54 2 BoismanII 60 3 BolshoiYakorI 69 4 Borabashevskaya 77 5 DenisovaCave 79 6 DvuglaskaCave 90 7 GosudarevLogI 101 8 Kamenka 104 9 KaminnayaCave 120 10 Kara-Bom 133 11 KirkalinskayaCave 140 12 KrasnyYar 143 13 KurlaI 160 14 MalayaSeeya 164 15 Mal’ta 173 vi Contents 16 MalyYalomanCave 184 17 MokhovoMine1 191 18 NizhneudinskayaCave 194 19 OkladnikovCave 199 20 ProskuryakovaCave 221 21 Razboinich’yaCave 229 22 SaralaCave 257 23 Shestakovo 261 24 StraschnayaCave 269 25 Ust-KanCave 279 26 Ust-Kova 303 27 VarvarinaGora 312 28 VolchiyaGriva 328 29 YelenevCave 332 30 ZhemchuzhnayaCave 347 4 Discussion:analyses,comparisons,inferences,andhypotheses 349 Summaryofourdescriptiveperimortemtaphonomicfindings 349 Analyticalfindings 351 Whatisanarchaeologicalsite? 354 Someothercomparisons 356 Damagesignatures 363 Sitedisturbance 366 Reviewofstudiesofmoderncarnivoreswithemphasisonhyenas 367 Modernhyenas 370 Siberianhumansandhyenas 372 Modernattitudesabouthyenas 374 Humanpredationbycarnivores 377 Otherattacksonhumans 378 DidlatePleistoceneSiberianhyenashunthumans? 381 Didhumanseathyenas? 382 Hyenasandarchaeologicalstratigraphy 382 WhowerethelatePleistocenehumansofSiberia? 383 SiberianMousteriansreplaced? 385 WhyaretheresofewlatePleistocenehumanskeletalremainsinSiberia? 386 Extinctionofmegafauna 390 Northernlimitofcavehyenadistribution 391 AhyenabarriertoBeringia? 395 5 Conclusionsforsevenquestions 404 Anothertaleofwinterdeath 406 Contents vii Appendices 409 1 Tables 409 2 ScientificnamesforSiberianPleistocenespeciesidentifiedinoneormore ofthe30faunalassemblages 453 3 Listvenka 455 References 460 Index 486 Acknowledgments ThisprojecteventuallycameaboutaftermeetingSergeyArutyunovin1979atthePacific Science Conference held in Khabarovsk. It was he who explained to the senior author howonegoesaboutgettingpermissiontocarryoutresearchinRussia.Financialaidcame fromtheNationalGeographicSociety(grant#6454-99);theWennerGrenFoundationfor Anthropological Research (grant #6588); the senior author’s Arizona State University Regents’Professorshipresearchaccount;theInstituteofArchaeologyandEthnography, Academgorodok; the Archaeology Laboratory of Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical University, andASUEmeritusCollegegrant.Personalhelpcamefromthefollowingindividuals: Irkutsk German I. Medvedev (Director, Laboratory of Archaeology, Irkutsk State University): collections access and visits to Mal’ta, other nearby sites and to Lake Baikal and the Shamenkasite.EkaterinaA.Lipnina:discussionsaboutMal’ta.Y.M.Ineshin:accessto BolshoiYakorcollection.P.E.Shmygun:informationaboutKurlaI.YuriA.Mochanov (Department of Archaeology and Human Paleoecology, Academy of Sciences of the SakhaRepublic,Yakutsk):discussionsandexaminationoftheDiring-Yuryakhcollections inIrkutsk. Kiev (Ukraine) Yuri Kukharchuk (Institute of Archaeology): collections access. Vadim Stepanchak: collections access. Victor Karchenko (Institute of Archaeology at the Museum of NaturalScience):reviewofexhibitsandexaminationofhyenaremains. Krasnoyarsk Nicolai I. Drozdov (President, Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical University; Director, Laboratory of Archaeology): trips to the Yenisei River Afontova Gora site, and sites at Kurtak field camp, collections access, lodging, explanations about the Pleistocene Kurtak complex. Eugene V. Artemiev: collections access. Nicolai I. Martynovich