Animal Species for Developmental Studies: Volume 1 Invertebrates

322 Pages·1990·15.64 MB·English

by  A. L. Yudin (auth.), T. A. Dettlaff, S. G. Vassetzky (eds.)

ANIMAL SPECIES FOR
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES
Volume 1
Invertebrates
ANIMAL SPECIES FOR
DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES
Volume 1
Invertebrates
Edited by
T. A. Dettlaff and S. G. Vassetzky
N. K. Kol'tsov Institute of Developmental Biology
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Moscow, USSR
Translated into English by
G. G. Gause, Jr., and S. G. Vassetzky
Technical Editors
Frank Billett
and
L. A. Winchester
CONSULTANTS BUREAU • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Ob"ekty biologii razvitila. English.
Animal species for developmental studies I edited by T. A. Dettlaff and S. G.
Vassetzky; technical editors Frank Billett and L. A. Winchester.
p. cm.
Translation of Ob"ekty biologii razvitiG..
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents: V. 1. Invertebrates.
ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-7839-9 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0503-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0503-3
1. Embryology, Experimental. 2. Developmental biology. 3. Laboratory animals. I.
Detlaf, Tat'G.na Antonovna. II. Vassetzky, S. G. III. Title.
QL961.02413 1989 89-22389
591.3 /0724-dc20 ClP
This translation is published under an agreement with the Copyright
Agency of the USSR (V AAP)
© 1990 Consultants Bureau, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This volume comprises normal tables (description of normal development) for
protozoa and invertebrates widely used in developmental biology studies. The
species chosen reflect their advantages for laboratory studies, the information avail-
able, and their availability for experimentation. Chapter 11, which contains the
normal tables for the starfish Asterina pectinifera, was written specially for this edi-
tion, which is the invertebrate section of the revised and augmented translation of
Ob"ekty Biologii Razvitiya published in Russian in 1975 as a volume in the series
of monographs Problemy Biologii Razyitiya (Problems of Developmental Biology)
by Nauka Publishers, Moscow.
The description of every species is preceded by an introduction in which the
advantages of working with the particular animal are stated and the problems stud-
ied (with the main references) are outlined. Data are also provided on its taxonomic
status and distribution of the animal, and conditions of keeping the adult animals in
laboratory. Methods of obtaining gametes, methods of artificial fertilization, meth-
ods of rearing embryos and larvae, and tables of normal development are also
given.
In this book an attempt is made to facilitate the study of temporal patterns of
animal development by the introduction (for some animal species) of relative
(dimensionless) characteristics of the timing of developmental stages comparable in
different animal species and at different temperatures. Special emphasis on this ap-
proach is given in Chapters 5, 10, and 11, in which such data for invertebrates are
provided for the first time. In these chapters, the relative time unit (to) is defined as
the interval between the appearance of successive cleavage furrows during first di-
visions. However, it remains to be seen in cytological studies whether this interval
corresponds to the actual mitotic cycle. See also Chapter 1 of the vertebrate vol-
ume, written by T. A. Dettlaff.
As a whole, these two volumes should facilitate both the selection of experi-
mental species for developmental studies and work with the chosen species. One
should bear in mind that the use of normal tables is necessary for standardizing ex-
perimental materials and obtaining comparable results.
In conclusion, we would like to thank all those who kindly provided their per-
mission to reproduce the normal tables, drawings, etc., as well as those who gave
valuable advice.
T. A. Dettlaff
S. G. Vassetzky
v
FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
Quite obviously, our understanding of how animals develop at any particular
period of history has depended to a large extent on the embryos on hand at the time
and the methods available to examine them. The great early 17th Century treatises
of Fabricius are devoted to the study of the chick embryo, readily available mam-
malian fetuses, and the embryos of a smooth shark and a snake. The species de-
scribed were not only mostly familiar to Aristotle but also continued to provide
standard material for embryologists in the two centuries following the death of
Fabricius. The comparative and experimental studies of the 19th Century used a
wider range of materials; noteworthy was the increasing use of amphibia and ma-
rine invertebrates. Contemporary studies show species dominance of a different
kind, with choice of material dependent on the perceived usefulness for genetic,
molecular biological, and essentially cell-based investigations. At the present time
the embryos of a great many species are available for study, covering most of the
major phyla; accessibility to this material depends on knowing how the embryos of
a particular species may be obtained and maintained. The present two-volume En-
glish edition of the Russian book Ob"ekty Biologii Razvitiya (Objects in Develop-
mental Biology) adequately relates to this need to know the practical requirements
for studying a particular species; it also fulfills the additional, and essential service,
of describing the development of the embryos of many animals in detail.
Although many of the species dealt with in these volumes will be familiar to
those working outside the Soviet Union, others will be less so. Of particular inter-
est are the chapters in the second volume on the stone loach (Misgurnus fossilis)
and the sturgeon (Acipenser giUdenstiidti). Here we find embryological material
that has been studied mainly in the Soviet Union. Apart from these rather special
cases, the second volume also contains comprehensive treatments of these em-
bryos, amphibian, avian, and mammal, which are used by developmental biologists
the world over. The first volume is devoted to invertebrates. Both volumes contain
descriptions of species that relate to practical needs; these include various fish
species, the silkworm (Bombyx mori), and the honeybee (Apis mellifera). In these
books our Soviet colleagues give us an insight into the breadth of their achievement
in the field of animal development. They also provide us with a most useful and
stimulating survey of what might be called the raw material of developmental biol-
ogy. There are relatively few works of this kind, but they are essential. Without an
adequate and informed description of the species available for developmental stud-
ies, we are not only hampered in our individual investigations but also that much
poorer in our appreciation of both the diversity and essential unifying features of
animal development.
vii
viii
Foreword to the English Edition
As with the second volume of this series, during the preparation of the English
edition the authors took the opportunity to update, and in some cases enlarge, their
chapters. Thus the English edition contains new material and is larger than the
original single-volume edition. Dr. Leslie Winchester undertook the initial reading
and correction of the translation from the Russian; she was also involved in facili-
tating the transition from the format of the Russian publishers, Nauka, to that of
Plenum. Together the English editors were concerned mainly with achieving some
uniformity of presentation without detriment to the perceived style of the authors
and the intentions of the Soviet editors.
Frank Billett
Southampton
CONTRIBUTORS
E. D. Bakulina, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
L. V. Belousov, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow
G. M. Burychenko, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
the USSR, Moscow
G. A. Buznikov, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
P. V. Davydov; Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
L. I. Gunderina, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk
I. I. Kiknadze, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk
V. V. Klimenko, Department of Ecological Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the
Moldavian SSR, Kishinev
N. N. Kolesnikov, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Academy
of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk
K. V. Kvitko, Biological Research Institute, Leningrad State University, Leningrad
O. E. Lopatin, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk
V. N. Meshcheryakov, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow
V. G. Mitrofanov, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
E. N. Myasnyankina, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of
the USSR, Moscow
V. I. Podmarev, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
E. V. Poluektova, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
D. V. Shaskolsky, Institute of General Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
O. I. Shubravyi, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
S. G. Vassetzky, Institute of Developmental Biology, Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Moscow
A. L. Yudin, Institute of Cytology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad
ix
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Amoeba AND OTHER PROTOZOA
A. L. Yudin
1.1. Introduction: Protozoa in Developmental Biology.. .. ........... .... 1
1.2. Amoeba and Related Species ...................................... " . . 1
1.3. Taxonomy................................................................. 2
1.3.1. Strains and Mutants. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 2
1.4. Habitats...... ..... ...................... ................. .... .............. 5
1.5. Culture Conditions. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 6
1.6. Reproduction ........................................................ " . . 7
REFERENCES... . .. ..... ....... .... ... .... ....... ....... .... .... .... .. .. ... ...... 8
Chapter 2
THE GREEN FLAGELLATE Chlamydomonas
K. V. Kvitko
2. 1. Introduction. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. 13
2.2. Taxonomy................................................................. 13
xi
xii Contents
2.3. Cell Structure and Differentiation during the Life Cycle.... ......... 14
2.4. Intraspecies Diversity - Mutants ... " " ..... , . " . .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. . . 16
2.5. Methods Used to Grow Cells and Modify Their Differentiation.... 16
2.5.1. Media...................................................................... 16
2.5.2. Culture Conditions.. ........ .... ... ........... .... ..... .... .... .... ...... 18
2.5.3. Synchronization Methods .... ................. ... ..... .... .............. 19
2.6. Use of Mutants for Analyzing Cell Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
REFERENCES.................................................................... 21
Chapter 3
Hydra and Hydroid Polyps
L. V. Belousov
3.1. Introduction ......... " . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 27
3.2. Species Used ....................... '" ........................... ,. ..... 28
3.3. Distribution and Collection ............... " ... " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
3.4. Culture Conditions for Hydra........................................... 29
3.4.1. Conditions for Obtaining Cultures with a
Controlled Reproduction Rate. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 29
3.5. Development of Buds in Freshwater Hydra........................... 31
3.6. Conditions Leading to Sexual Reproduction ................ ,... ...... 32
3.7. Gametogenesis.. ... ... .. . .. .... ..... .... ..... ... ....... .. ...... .... ... .. .. 33
3.7.1. Spermatogenesis ......................................................... 33
3.7.2. Oogenesis ..................... '" .................................. , ...... 34
3.8. Development of the Hydra Embryo.. ... .... . ..... ... .... .. ......... ... 35
3.9. Keeping Marine Hydroid Polyps under Laboratory Conditions. . . . 35
3.10. Developmental Stages ofthe Vegetative Buds of Obelia {aveni..... 36
3.11. Developmental Stages ofthe Vegetative Buds of
Dynamena pumila '" ..................................... " .......... , 37
REFERENCES........... .. ..... ... .... . .. ........... .. ... .. ..... .... .. .. ... .... .. 38
Contents xiii
Chapter 4
THE SLUDGEWORM Tubifex
".~.~eshcheryakov
4.1. Introduction............................................................... 41
4.2. Taxonomy and Distribution................ ...... .... ....... ...... ...... 43
4.3. Ecology and Culture .... ....... ................. .......... ..... .......... 43
4.4. Reproduction ............................................................ 44
4.5. Gametes and Fertilization ................................................ 44
4.6. Culture of Embryos ...................................................... 47
4.7. ~ormal Development.................................................... 49
4.8. Description of Stages .................................................... 55
REFERE~CES.................................................................... 63
Chapter 5
TIIE CO~O~ PO~ S~AILLymnaea stagnalis
".~. ~eshcheryakov
5.1. Introduction............................................................... 69
5.2. Taxonomy and Distribution...................... ........ ..... .......... 72
5.3. Ecology and Culture .................................... " . . .. . . .. . ... . .. 72
5.4. Reproduction and Stimulation of Oviposition......................... 75
5.5. Gametes ................................................................... 77
5.5.1. Eggs........................................................................ 77
5.5.2. Spermatozoa............... .................................. ............. 80
5.6. Culture of Embryos .....................•................................ 80
5.7. Rate of Development and Its Dependence on Temperature. . . . . . . . . . 84
5.8. ~ormal Development. . . ... . .. . . ... ... . . .. . . ... . .. . .... . ... . . . . ... . . .. . .. 85
5.9. Description of Stages of ~ormai Development....................... 94
REFERE~CES............... ... .................................................. 121