Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment PDF
Preview Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY Adaptation and environment Fifth edition « “@r a‘a a Wsi g Se. a = o eo e , PHYSIO: r4 e: a dos 5 PHYSIOLOGY Adaptation and environment | Fifth Edition Knut Schmidt-Nielsen James B. Duke Professor of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Duke University September 24, 1915 - January 24, 2007 Ss CAMBRIDGE py UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9718570059285 © Cambridge University Press 1975, 1979, 1983 1990, 1997 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1975 Second edition 1979 Third edition 1983 Fourth edition 1990 Fifth edition 1997 8th printing 2007 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut, 1915— Animal physiology : adaptation and environment / Knut Schmidt-Nielsen. — 5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 57098 0 (hbk.) 1. Physiology. I. Title QP31.2.8363 1997 571.1 —de21 96-39295 CIP ISBN 978-0-521-57098-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CONTENTS ABOUT THIS BOOK vii Nutrition 150 : PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION ix ee ee Chemical defense 158 WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY? 1 References and Additional reading 163 2 : 5 Energy oe bnies 169 OXYGEN Metabolic rate 170 Energy storage: fat and givconen 17 2 1 Respiration 5 Effect of oxygen concentration 11 73 _ The atmosphere 6 Problems of diving 178 Solubility of gases 9 - Metabolic rate and body size 192 — Comparing water and air 13. _ Size and problems of scaling 199 _ Respiration in water 16 Energy cost of locomotion 200. Respiration in air 25 Physiological time 207, Mammalian lungs 28 Effect of high altitude 209 _ Air-breathing fish 36 References and Additional oe 211: Bird respiration 41 Respiration in eggs 47 oo es Insect respiration 50 _ References and Additional reading 61 TEMPERATURE 6 Temperature effects 217 2 Blood 65 Confusing terminology 218 Oxygen transport in blood 66 Effects of temperature change 218 Oxygen dissociation curves 69 Extreme temperatures: limits to life 221 Facilitated diffusion 78 Tolerance to high temperature 222 Carbon dioxide transport in blood 82 Tolerance to cold and freezing 225 References and Additional reading 87 RTeefmepreernacetsu rea nda dAadpdtiattiioonna l 2r3e2a ding 238 3 Circulation 91 - VGTeehrnete erbpahrlya stiepc rsic nicorifcp ulflealsto iwo 9n2i n 9t3u bes 106 7 TTBeeommdppyee rrtaaettmuuprreeer, a trhueergaeut ,l aotafin odbn i rhdes2a 4t1a ntdr anmsafemrm a2l4s7 242 ‘Invertebrate circulation 115 Heat balance 253 BloReofedr encceosa gaulnadt iAodnd itainodn ahle meosteasi s 12122 1 TRBeoofrdepyro ernt ceeamsnp dea rnahdti ubArederdn aiittnii oo“nnc aoll 2d7r-7eb aldoiondge d”2 93a nimals 284 FOOD AND REG WATER eye Food and fuel 129 8 Water and osmotic regulation 301 _ Feeding 130 The aquatic environment 302 _ Digestion 137 — * CONTENTS Aquatic invertebrates 305 12 Hormonal control 497 Aquatic vertebrates 314 How is endocrine function studied? 498 The terrestrial environment 324 Endocrine systems in vertebrates 500 Moist-skinned animals 325 Transmitter substances 513 Arthropods 328 Invertebrates: control and integration 519 Terrestrial vertebrates 338 References and Additional reading 529 Marine air-breathing vertebrates 343 References and Additional reading 350 13 Information and senses 533 Sensory qualities 534 Excretion 355 General principles 535 Organs of excretion 356 Chemical senses: taste and smell 536 Contractile vacuoles 357 Vibration and sound 540 Invertebtate excretory organs 360 Light and vision 548 Vertebrate kidneys 366 Animal electricity 555 Nitrogen excretion 378 Transmission and sorting of sensory information 562 References and Additional reading 388 References and Additional reading 574 MOVEMENT, INFORMATION, APPENDIXES INTEGRATION A Measurements and units 581 B Diffusion 585 10 Movement, muscle, biomechanics 395 C Logarithmic and exponential equations 588 Ameboid, ciliary, and flagellar locomotion 396 D Thermodynamic expression of temperature General principles 400 effects 589 Muscle, what it is 402 E Solutions and osmosis 591 Muscle, how it works 405 Skeletons 425 Locomotion: biomechanics 430 INDEX 505 Buoyancy 442 References and Additional reading 458 11 Control and integration 465 Control and control theory 466 Nerves and nervous systems 470 How nerve cells function 471 Nerve impulses 479 The synapse: excitation, inhibition, and computation 486 References and Additional reading 495
The list of books you might like
