Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injury PDF
Preview Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injury
Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research Jun Chen Zao C. Xu Xiao Ming Xu John H. Zhang Editors Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injury Second Edition Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research Series Editor John Zhang Loma Linda, CA, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10064 Jun Chen • Zao C. Xu • Xiao Ming Xu John H. Zhang Editors Animal Models of Acute Neurological Injury Second Edition Editors Jun Chen Zao C. Xu Department of Neurology Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA Indianapolis, IN, USA Xiao Ming Xu John H. Zhang Indiana University School of Medicine Center for Neuroscience Research SNRI SCBIRG Loma Linda University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA Loma Linda, CA, USA ISSN 2363-958X ISSN 2363-9598 (electronic) Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ISBN 978-3-030-16080-7 ISBN 978-3-030-16082-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16082-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2009, 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Acute neurological injuries are devastating events that affect all individuals across the spectrum of human life. Understanding the mechanisms of cell death after these incidents will help develop pharmacological agents and therapeutic interventions to reduce or prevent the damage. Many studies have been conducted, and new exciting discoveries have been reported. However, only limited treatments are available today for the victims of acute neurological injuries. More investigations are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of neuronal injury following the insult and to translate them into preclinical and clinical settings. Reliable animal models are the key for experimental neurobiology. To date, many animal models for acute neuro- logical injuries have been developed. But large variations in experimental outcomes exist between laboratories even using the same animal model, making the compari- son and replication impossible and jeopardizing advances in the field. This variation is largely due to the lack of a standard manual detailing the methodology in animal models. Since publishing the first edition of this book in 2009, much progress has been made in the field. The advance in translational medicine has generated new chal- lenges to neuroscientists. The reproducibility of the results of preclinical research is one of the recognized obstacles, which further emphasizes the importance of stan- dardizing the animal models. In this second edition, we have included 21 new and revised chapters to better illustrate the earlier models and to introduce new animal models that reflect the expansion of preclinical research in acute neurological disorders. Compared to other very good texts on the market that are more focused on theo- retical details, this book is an illustrated workbench manual of animal models. We have selected the most commonly used models that have been proven to be reliable and reproducible. The contributors of this book are the experts in the field who have many years of hands-on experiences in these animal models; some of them are the original developers of the models. References and descriptions have been kept to a minimum for clarity. Our purpose for preparing this edition is to enable someone v vi Preface with little experience to produce animal models for clinical or basic science research using this manual as a guide. We hope this book will be useful for students, postdoctoral fellows, clinical investigators, and basic science researchers who would like to study acute neurological disorders. Pittsburgh, PA, USA Jun Chen Indianapolis, IN, USA Zao C. Xu Indianapolis, IN, USA Xiao Ming Xu Loma Linda, CA, USA John H. Zhang Contents Part I Animal Care and Surgery Animal Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Laurel D. Schantz Anesthesia and Analgesia for Research Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lisa J. Brossia-Root, Tara M. Cotroneo, and Gerry Hish Rodent Surgical Procedures and Tissue Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Cesar Reis, Onat Akyol, Jay Malaguit, Lei Huang, Budbazar Enkhjargal, Richard Applegate II, Robert Martin, Gary Stier, and John Zhang Brain Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Cesar Reis, Onat Akyol, Wing Man Ho, Richard Applegate II, Gary Stier, Robert Martin, and John Zhang Veterinary Care Methods for Rats and Mice in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Studies: An Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Christine D. Yarberry, Aaron H. Puckett, and Stephen M. Onifer Part II Cerebral Ischemic Animal Models Four-Vessel Occlusion Model in Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Ping Deng and Zao C. Xu Rat Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia: The Two-Vessel Occlusion (2VO) Model of Forebrain Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Ami P. Raval, Chunli Liu, and Bingren R. Hu Rodent Model of Pediatric Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Mioara D. Manole, Henry L. Alexander, Robert W. Hickey, and Robert S. B. Clark vii viii Contents Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model in Rodents . . . . . . . . 131 Ying Mao, Wei Zhu, and Guo-Yuan Yang Targeted Occlusion to Surface and Deep Vessels in Neocortex Via Linear and Nonlinear Optical Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . 145 David Kleinfeld, Beth Friedman, Patrick D. Lyden, and Andy Y. Shih Intraluminal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model in Mice . . . . . . . . 163 Masaya Oda, Taku Sugawara, Kohei Kokubun, Kazuo Mizoi, and Hiroyuki Kinouchi Inducing Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via Acute Hyperglycemia in Rats . . . . 173 Devin W. McBride, Derek Nowrangi, Wing Mann Ho, Jiping Tang, and John H. Zhang Cerebral Palsy Model of Uterine Ischemia in Pregnant Rabbits . . . . . . . . 189 Zhongjie Shi, Kehuan Luo, and Sidhartha Tan A Model of Neonatal Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Zinaida S. Vexler and Donna M. Ferriero Part III Cerebral Hemorrhage Animal Models Monofilament Perforation Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rat Model . . . . . . 219 Wing Mann Ho, Cesar Reis, Onat Akyol, Julian Cahill, Devin McBride, and John H. Zhang Filament Perforation Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Mouse Model . . . . . . . . 231 Hideyuki Kamii and Teiji Tominaga The Non-human Primate Model of Cerebral Vasospasm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 R. Loch Macdonald Blood Injection Intracerebral Hemorrhage Rat Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Thomas O’Lynnger, Shanshan Mao, Ya Hua, and Guohua Xi Collagenase Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Anatol Manaenko, Derek Nowrangi, Reis Cesar, Jiping Tang, and John H. Zhang A Rat Model of Cerebellar Hemorrhage Using Bacterial Collagenase Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Devin W. McBride, Tim Lekic, Jiping Tang, and John H. Zhang Blood Injection Intracerebral Hemorrhage Mouse Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Ludmila Belayev Blood Injection Intracerebral Hemorrhage Pig Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Yuxiang Gu, Shenglong Cao, Guohua Xi, and Ya Hua Contents ix Collagenase Induced Pontine Hemorrhage in Rats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Loretta O. Iniaghe, Devin W. McBride, Tim Lekic, Jiping Tang, and John H. Zhang Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage Neonatal Rat Model Using Bacterial Collagenase Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Jerry J. Flores, Damon Klebe, Jiping Tang, and John H. Zhang Part IV Traumatic CNS Injury Animal Models Fluid Percussion Injury Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Rachel K. Rowe, Daniel R. Griffiths, and Jonathan Lifshitz The Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Experimental Brain Trauma: Overview, Research Applications, and Protocol . . . . . . . . 349 Nicole Osier, Anthony E. Kline, and C. Edward Dixon Mild Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Riyi Shi and Nicholas Race A Rat Model of Surgical Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Prativa Sherchan, Devin W. McBride, Lei Huang, Cesar Reis, Onat Akyol, Yuechun Wang, Cherine Kim, Ishan Solaroglu, Jiping Tang, and John H. Zhang The MASCIS Spinal Cord Contusion Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Wise Young The Ohio State University ESCID Spinal Cord Contusion Model . . . . . . . 415 Lyn B. Jakeman, Dana M. McTigue, Patricia Walters, and Bradford T. Stokes Cervical Hemicontusion Spinal Cord Injury Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Philippa M. Warren, Basem I. Awad, Davina V. Gutierrez, Kevin C. Hoy, Michael P. Steinmetz, Warren J. Alilain, and John C. Gensel Applications of the Infinity Horizon Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Samir P. Patel and Alexander G. Rabchevsky Clip Impact-Compression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 Charles H. Tator, Peter Poon, and Andrea J. Mothe Method of Spinal Cord Contusion Injury Created by Tissue Displacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Yi Ping Zhang, Lisa B. E. Shields, Xiao-Ming Xu, and Christopher B. Shields x Contents Experimental Laceration Spinal Cord Injury Model in Rodents . . . . . . . 487 Yi Ping Zhang, Lisa B. E. Shields, and Christopher B. Shields Rodent Spinal Cord Demyelination Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Kariena R. Andres, Johnny R. Morehouse, Rachel Cary, Christine D. Yarberry, Nicholas J. Kuypers, and Scott R. Whittemore Spinal Cord Lateral Hemisection and Implantation of Guidance Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Xiaofei Wang and Xiao-Ming Xu Spinal Root Avulsion and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Tak-Ho Chu and Wutian Wu Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
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