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.:. ' ; " l;{; ui * - "d ; { rWwpf l #d 3+,i t . e s &d .s.. $ RacheBl tadon iir .tri :riif rlr:'.r,r rIif ir'il llll' t q'" ir , liliil:t,i lr, ,l,rtiri ,i", , , ' Reada ndd iscovemr orea boutt hew ortd! Thiss erieso f non-fictiorne aderpsr ovides interestinagn de ducationcaoI ntentw, ith activitieasn dp rojecwt ork. SeriesE ditorH: azeG[ eatches 'j AudioC DP acka vaitable Word count for this reader:3 ,437 ch Lgvel3 f.-}\ i.r-u l'l '-i \7 &"r \17 6fi0 hrlaclwords €s 'I : ,r. Level4 Level5 @ 750 headwords 1,050h eadwr *# fl=f;f oxl;()lil), ,t il MW ISBN tt,'rr' I ffid,llillllllllli Ie,'s RacheBl ladon Introduction 3 1 LifeC yctes 4 2 Insects 8 3 OtherI nvertebrates L2 4 Fish 16 5 Amphibians 20 6 Reptites 24 7 Birds 28 8 Mammats 32 Activities 36 Projects 52 Glossary 54 About Reada nd Discover 56 OX-FORD lJNIVERSITY PRESS OXTORD AC ( N()W l.li D(;E M !tNTS I:s UNIvHRSII\'I'RI]SS llhslrdlir)nbsy ;F iammettaD ogirrlheA ft Agencyp p.5,8 ; ;:9,ffii'ffi, Kclly Kennedyp p.21,3 0i DusanP avlic/BeehivIell ustratiorr GrertC larcn(lonS lll'('1O, xlolll ox:r (,r)r' l)p.| 9, 4:14, 6. Oxfbrdt Jnivcfsilyl) ['\s isl r( lrl).il1ilr'r]ol I Ilt( l ||rrv('r'\rly I 1t r' i 1rI ) li sh ( rs woul d dlsol ike to thonk thef ollowingf or ther ol Oxfbrd.I t lurlh('NI lx'I lniv('f\ily'|s) l)lr(|r v('(r(l x(( lk D(( lrnri lrlrniJsx)nt (,r cproducpt h\tographsa nd otherc owight in researcts, choLtrship:t,r tl crltt crIt i rr ttl ry Ir rt lrli s lri tr g Inrrl.ridi:A hmy pp.3 (Michael Dietrich/imagebrokerrrblue- worldwidr in lixtredb ooby),l 7 (PoelzerWolfgang),2(2S imonC olmer Oxfbrd New York irn(l Al)l)y Rcx),2 8 (Michael Dietrich/imagebroker);A rdea. Animalsg rowa ndc hanged uringt heirt ife.T op roduce Aucklan<Cl apcl i)wn I)rrcsSrlirilnrl lortgl(org l(.rr;ttlti ({)rrrl ).I 2 (SteveH opkin),1 5 UeanM ichelL abat)C; orbis KualaL umpur Mrdricl Mcll>orrrDcM t'xirrr( iity Nrirobi p.27( .linrZ uckerDran)FiL PAp .13( FredB avendam/Minden young,s omea nimalsh aveb abiesa, ndo thersla ye ggs. NewDelhi Shangbri lripci lirronto l'i(lrrrcs)c; ctty Imiges p.8 (Emilv on Maltitz/GalloIm ages/ grrsshopper): Nature Picture Library p.3 {Anup Shah/ With offices iD cro(odilc).6 (PcrcO xford/tortoise)9, (RossH oddinott/ Thesey ounga nimalsth eng rowu p andp roducey oung, Argentina Austria Blazil Chile czech Rcplrblicl irrrce grrsshopper)l,0 (NatureP roduction)1, 4 (KimTaylor), Creece GuateDralaH u1gary ltaly Japiln Pohnd Port[gal l8 (DougP euine).1 9 (FabioL iverani),20( FabioL iverani), too.T hisj ourneyfr omb eingb ornt o producinygo ungi s SingaporeS outhK orea SwitzerlandT hailaud Turkey 21 (PaulH obson),25( AnupS hah/crocodile),3(0D avid Ukraine Vietnam Kjaer),3 2 (Terfy Andrewartha): NHPAp p.8 (StephenD alton/ beel arya),26( A.N.TP. hotoL ibrary):O xfordU niversity calleda life cycle.A nimall ife cyclesa rea mazing. oxFoRDa rndo xFoRDI NcLts]t are registcredtr aldelu arks ofOxford UniveNity Pressin the UK and in certaino ther Pressp p.9( butterflyl ife cycle),34( gorilla)P; hotolibrary pp.3 (Maftin Rugner/agef ootstock/kangaroo,JohnB rown/ countnes oxlbrd scientific/frog), I 1 (HansP fletschinger/PeteAr rnold o Oxford University Press2 01o Images),t 6 (PaulK ay/Oxfords cientific), 23 (John Brown/ Howd om aleb irdsfi nda mate? The moral rights ofthe author have been assertcd Oxtbrd Scientific),2 4 (PaulF reed/Aninals Aninals), Databrser ight Oxfbrd University Press( maker) 25 (Zigmund Leszczynski/AnimalsA nimals/snake), Howb igi s a babyk angarowo heni t's born? 29 (Konrad wothe/Oxford scientific), 31 (Eric Baccega/age Firstp ublished2 o1o footstock),3 3 (Thorsten Milse/PictureP ress)3, 4 (Martin 2Or4 20132 Ot2 2O7\2 O7O Rugrer/agef ootstock/kangaroo),3 5 (PeterW eimann/Animals Howd oesa crocodilcea rryh erb abies? 10987654321 Animals); ScienceP hoto Library p.6 {Adrian Bicker/rnayfly); No unauthorized photocopying still Picturesp .7( McPhoto). Whatd oesa tadpoleg rowi nto? All rights reserved.N o part ofthis publication may be With thonk to: Ann Fullick for scierce checking reproduceds, toredi n l retrievals ystem,o r transnitted, in rny form or by any means,w ithout the prior pertnission in writing of oxford UDiversity Press,o r as expressly pcDritted by law. or under temrs agrcedw ith the appropriate reprographicsri ghtso rgrnizrtion. Enquiriesc oncerning reproductioDo utsidet he scopeo l the aboves houldb e sent to the ELTR ights Departlrent. Oxfbrd University Press,a t the addressa bove Youm ust uot circulatet his book in a[y other bindingo r covera nd you must irnposet his sane conditiono n rny acquirer ADyw ebsitesr eferredt o in this publicatioDa rei n thc public domaina nd their addresseasr e providedb y oxtbrd UniversityP ressfo r infornation only.O xfordU niversity Pressd isclailDsa Dyr espoDsibilittyb r thc content rsEN:9 78o 194 645027 An Audio CD Packc oDtniniDgth is book nnd r Cl) isr lso availablcr, sBN9 28o 194 64s42il The'CDh asa choiceo l Amedcin rnd llrilish linglish recorclingos fthe coDrplctele xt. An nccourprnyingA ctivity l](x)ki s rlso availablc, rsBN9 78o 194 645126 Printedi n China Thisb ook is printedo n PrPcrl ir)|r (ertiliecll ncl well-mamgeds ources. Nowr eada ndd iscovemr orea bout somea mazinga nimalli fecycles! ffi@eil@s Therea rem il[ionso f differenst pecieos f animailn the world.S omea nimatsli,k et he bluew halea, rev eryb ig. & r u 2R Othersa res os mallt hatw e almosct an'ts eet hem. Thesea nimalsa ll havev eryd ifferenlti fe cycles. AnimaGl roups @ Scientists put animals into groups. The animals in each group are the same in many ways, and they often have very similar life cycles.T he two biggest animal groups are invertebrates and vertebrates. Invertebrates are animals that have no backbone. More than 95% of the animal speciesi n the world are invertebrates,a nd most of them are very small. oceanf tatworm threadworm There are many different groups of invertebrates. The biggest group is called arthropods. Insecrs, spiders, and animals like crabs that have a hard shell, are all arthropods. Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates. Only a few percent of the animals in the world are vertebrates, and most of them are much bigger than & # f u Y . M invertebrates.B ecauseo f this, we seev ertebrates more often than invertebrates. Scientists put vertebrates into five big groups - they are called fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. hummingbird t. . :,,,,i,r,..],l''1 ,, r' ' All animals need to find food to stay alive. Some Most specieso f animal have males and females. animals are carnivores.T his means that they eat other Males produce sperm, and femalesp roduce eggs. animals.H erbivores eat plants, and omnivores eat llaby animals are made when sperm from the male plants and animals. yoinst ogether with an egg from the female.T his is called fertilization. There are many dangers for animals.T hey have to keep safe from predators - animals that hunt and eat Some animals give birth to baby animals.O ther other animals.P eopleh unt birds and other animals. animals,l ike reptilesa nd birds, lay eggsT. heir babies People also cut down trees and build housesa nd roads hatch - they break the egg open and come out. \When on land. they do this, animals lose their homes Most reptiles and birds care for their babies.M ost and their food. Many animals also become sick or die insectsa nd fish do not care for their eggso r their becauseo f pollution of the land, oceans,r ivers, and babies.A ll mammals care for their babies and feed air. Life is very dangerousf or animals.M any animals them milk. Some big mammals stay with their die before they are old enough to produce young. babiesf or many years. :.-i!. '| :i Differenatn imatsli vef ord ifferenat mountso f time.A Galapagotosr toisec anl ivef or 150y ears, buta na dultm ayftyu suallyli vesf orj usta few hours. Got o pages3 6-37f ora ctivities. A young insect eatsa lot of fooC and grows very quickly. It has a Insectas res ma[a[ nimals[i keb utterfliesb,e etlesf,l ies, hard cover,c alled an exoskeleton. beesa, nda ntsT. herea rem oret hana millions pecies When the exoskeletoni s too small of insecitn thew orld.M anyi nsectsc hangein amazing lirr the young insect, it breaks open waysd uringth eir[ ife. and comes off. A new exoskeleton grows under the old one.T his is calledm olting. Some insects grow wings that get bigger every time Almost all insectss tart their life in an egg.T he young they molt. After the insect molts for the last time, it insect grows inside the egg and then it hatches.S ome becomes an adult that can fly and produce young. baby insects,l ike bees,l ook very different from their 'l'his is called incomplete metamorphosis. parents.T hese baby insectsa re calledl arvae.O ther baby insects,l ike locusts,l ook more like their parents. Most insects change by complete metamorphosis. These baby insectsa re called nymphs. Larvae and When the larva is ready to change into an adult, its nymphs are very small when they hatch. cxoskeleton comes off. Under the exoskeleton there's a pupa - it's like a closed case.I nside the pupa, an amazing change happens. The larva changes into an adult that looks completely different! i;, lit When insectsb ecomea dults,t hey are readyt o breed and produce young. First they need to find a mate. Male crickets,c icadas,a nd grasshopperss ing to find femalest hat they can mate with. Femaleb utterfliesa nd moths produce specialc hemicals calledp heromonest hat havea strong smell.M ale butterflies and moths can smell the pheromonesf rom up to 2 kilometersa way.T hey then fly toward the smell. Matef ireftiesm akes pecialti ghtsi n theirb ody. Theyt urnt heset ightso n ando ff sot hatf emale firefliesk nowt hatt heya rel ookingfo ra mate. Some insects only lay a few eggs during their life, but others lay thousands. Many insects are careful to keep their eggs safe.T he cardinal beetle makes a hole in dead wood and lays her eggs inside.W hen the eggs hatch, you can't see the larvae very well. Cockroaches lay their eggsi n a special case,a nd beetle eggs are usually yellow, green, or black so that they are camouflaged. When these insect eggs hatch, the life cycle starts again! rmiteq ueensla yu pt o 30,000e ggse veryd ay! Got o page3s8 -39fo ra ctivities. Therea rem anyo therg roupso f invertebratea,n dt hey a[[ havev eryd ifferenlti fe cyctesD. idy ouk nowt hat earthwormso,c topusess,p idersa, ndt obstersa rea [[ invertebrates? All earthworms lay eggs,b ecauset hey are hermaphrodites.T his means that they all have male parts that produce sperm and female parts that produce eggs,b ut they cannot fertilize their own eggs.A fter earthworms mate, their bodies make specialr ings with eggsi nside.T he ring moves forward over the worm's body and then it comes off. Then the ends of the ring join together.T he eggsh atch after about three months, and young Baby octopusesl ive in the open ocean at first, but earthwormsc an mate when thev are 12 months old. when they grow, they move down to the bottom of the ocean.H ere they live on their own in dens. Octopusesa re ready to mate when they are one or two yearso ld. Some female octopusesl ay about 200,000 eggs,a nd many put them in strings from the top of their dens.T he femalesk eep the eggss afef rom predators and they carefully push water over them so that they get enough oxygen.T he octopusesd o not eat for up to ten months when they are caring for their eggs.After the eggsh atch, the female octopusesd ie. Spidersp roduce silk, and they use it to make webs, where they catch flies and other insects.M ost species of spider also put lots of silk around their eggsr o make a specialc over,c alleda cocoon. Most spider eggsh atch after a few days or weeks.T he baby spiders,o r spiderlings,g row fast and they molt a few times.T hey can soon make their own webs and catch their own food. A femalel obsterc an lay up to l0'000 eggs,b ut only about ten of them will live.T he femalel obster carriesh er eggsh idden under her tail for almost a year.W hen they are ready to hatch, she lifts her tail and they float away. When the eggsh atch, the larvae move to the top of the ocean.L ife here is very dangerousb ecauseo f predators and difficult currents.L obster larvae look very different \When from adult lobsters. they are about one month old, the larvaem ove to the bottom of the ocean.T hey molt about 25 times beforet hey becomea dults. ES ftrir. \" - l-Jt VJ: i-/iI Lobsterosf tene att heiro lds hetta fterm otting. , Mmys piderdsi ;#r. theyt ayt heire sssS. ome Thish el.ptsh eirn ews he[t[o becomeh ard. spidert?,pegagt t heirf i,Iother'bso dya fters hed ies! Got o pages4 0-41fora ctivities. Fisha rev ertebratetsh ata rec otd-bloodeTdh. ism eans thatt heirb odyi s ash oto r colda st hew atera round them.A ttf ishl ivea ndb reathein watera, ndm ost babyf ishh atchf rome ggs. Female fish can lay hundreds of eggs.I nside every egg there's a bag of food called the yolk. The unborn baby fish eats the yolk, so that it can grow bigger and stronger. trish often try to hide their eggs because many other animals like to eat fish eggs.F emale seahorses lay their eggs into a special pouch on the male's front, where they stay safe until they are ready to hatch. Some specieso f shark lay their eggs in a hard egg case to keep the eggs safe until they hatch. \il7hen young fish hatch, the yolk bag is still stuck to their body. The young fish use this as food at first. Life is very dangerous for young fish. Most of them don't have fins, so they can't swim well. They often float into colder water or places where there's no food. Alsc-rm, any prcdators, like seals,b irds, frogs, and othcr fish, l-runt them. This is why fish lay so many cggs.A large female tuna fish can lay up to six million eggs at one time, but only about twcl of these will grow into adult tuna!