Table Of Content

Methods in Molecular Biology 1161 Erica Spackman Editor Animal Infl uenza Virus M M B ETHODS IN OLECULAR IOLOGY Series Editor John M. Walker School of Life Sciences University of Hertfordshire Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7651 Animal Influenza Virus Second Edition Edited by Erica Spackman Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA Editor Erica S packman Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Athens, GA, USA ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4939-0757-1 ISBN 978-1-4939-0758-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0758-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014937456 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2 014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Humana Press is a brand of Springer Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Prefa ce Infl uenza A viruses are among the most important pathogens for humans, food animals, and companion animals. Of the animal infl uenza viruses, avian, swine, and equine infl uenza are likely to have the greatest economic impact internationally because of their value as food animals or, with horses due to a large sport competition industry. Also, although the risk is truly unknown, as domestic animals, poultry, swine, and horses have extended contact with humans, which provides an interface for interspecies transmission, there is always the poten- tial for these animal infl uenza viruses to become threats to public health. Regardless of the possible implications for public health, infl uenza is highly signifi cant to poultry, swine, and equine health. Research and diagnostics with animal infl uenza viruses are critical to animal health in its own right and it should be recognized that the needs and goals of animal agriculture and veterinary medicine are not always the same as those of public health. Even within these three examples of animal infl uenza viruses there are differences in the approach which may need to be taken, as the structure of the poultry, swine, and equine industries are different and there are some biological differences of infl uenza virus from each animal group as well. One of the aims of this book is to sort out those differences and to provide host, strain, and lineage specifi c guidance and procedures. The reader will also recognize that in some cases the same method is described for all three of these animal viruses, for example real-time RT-PCR or hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. At fi rst glance this may seem redundant; however there are often seemingly minor, but crucial differences in the assay, such as sample processing for each species (e.g., how to treat for sera the HI assay) or the specifi city of reagents (e.g., primer sequences for RT-PCR; optimal laboratory host system for virus isolation). In contrast there are some methods that will be unique to an animal infl uenza virus group and parameters will neces- sarily vary. Certainly, assays may be adapted to individual study needs with proper optimiza- tion or can simply be used as they are described. The aim of this book is to provide the essential methods used in working with animal infl uenza viruses, and to compile more advanced information that will guide the user in designing infl uenza studies. Most importantly this book would not have been possible without the contributions of the authors. The contributors are experts in their fi elds; therefore their input and knowl- edge is invaluable with the details they provide from their extensive experience. I want to gratefully acknowledge each of them for taking time from their busy schedules to contrib- ute to this book. I would also like to thank the editorial team at Springer: John Walker, MIMB series editor, and both Patrick Marton and David Casey for all their time and help with completing this book. Happy pipetting. Athens, GA, USA Erica Spackman v Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i PART I GENERAL 1 Hemagglutination Assay for Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Mary Lea Killian 2 Hemagglutination-Inhibition Assay for Influenza Virus Subtype Identification and the Detection and Quantitation of Serum Antibodies to Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Janice C. P edersen 3 N euraminidase-Inhibition Assay for the Identification of Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Virus Subtype or Neuraminidase Antibody Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 Janice C . Pedersen 4 Reverse Genetics of Influenza Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7 Chang-Won Lee 5 I mmunohistochemical Staining of Influenza Virus in Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 Mary J. P antin-Jackwood PART II AVIAN INFLUENZA 6 A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 Erica S packman 7 W ild Bird Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 Justin D. Brown, R ebecca Poulson, and D avid E. Stallknecht 8 Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 Mary Lea Killian 9 Avian Influenza Virus RNA Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 Erica S packman and Scott A . L ee 10 A vian Influenza Virus Detection and Quantitation by Real-T ime RT-PCR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05 Erica Spackman 11 I nfluenza Subtype Identification with Molecular Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 19 Erica S packman 12 Avian Influenza Virus Isolation, Propagation, and Titration in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Erica Spackman and M ary Lea K illian 13 Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Assay to Detect Antibodies to Type A Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Terra A . Jenson vii viii Contents 14 D etection of Influenza A Antibodies in Avian Serum Samples by ELISA. . . . . 1 51 Len C happell, M ary L ea K illian, and Erica Spackman 15 Conducting Influenza Virus Pathogenesis Studies in Avian Species. . . . . . . . . 1 69 Carol J . Cardona, D avid A . H alvorson, J ustin D. Brown, and Mary J . P antin-Jackwood 16 L aboratory Methods for Assessing and Licensing Influenza Vaccines for Poultry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 David E. Swayne 17 D etection of Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Avian Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 99 Darrell R. Kapczynski 18 C haracterization of Cytokine Expression Induced by Avian Influenza Virus Infection with Real-Time RT-PCR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 17 Darrell R . Kapczynski, H ai J un Jiang, and Michael H. K ogut 19 Newcastle Disease Virus Detection and Differentiation from Avian Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 35 Patti J. Miller and Mia Kim Torchetti PART III SWINE INFLUENZA 20 A Brief Introduction to Influenza A Virus in Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 43 Amy L. Vincent, Kelly M. L ager, and Tavis K . A nderson 21 Sample Types, Collection, and Transport for Influenza A Viruses of Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Marie R . Culhane and S usan E . Detmer 22 Isolation of Swine Influenza Virus in Cell Cultures and Embryonated Chicken Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Jianqiang Zhang and Phillip C . Gauger 23 R NA Extraction from Swine Samples and Detection of Influenza A Virus in Swine by Real-Time RT-PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 77 Jianqiang Zhang and K aren M . H armon 24 H emagglutinin Inhibition Assay with Swine Sera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 95 Pravina K itikoon, P hillip C . G auger, and A my L. Vincent 25 E nzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Serum or Mucosal Isotype-Specific IgG and IgA Whole-V irus Antibody to Influenza A Virus in Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Phillip C . Gauger, C rystal L . L oving, and Amy L . V incent 26 Serum Virus Neutralization Assay for Detection and Quantitation of Serum-Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza A Virus in Swine . . . . . . . . . . 313 Phillip C . Gauger and Amy L. Vincent 27 M icroneutralization Assay for Swine Influenza Virus in Swine Serum . . . . . . . 3 25 Pravina Kitikoon and Amy L. Vincent Contents ix 28 A nalyzing Swine Sera for Functional Antibody Titers Against Influenza A Neuraminidase Proteins Using an Enzyme-Linked Lectin Assay (ELLA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Matthew R . Sandbulte and Maryna C . Eichelberger 29 Antibody Secreting Cell Assay for Influenza A Virus in Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 47 Pravina Kitikoon, C rystal L . L oving, and Amy L . V incent 30 I n Vivo Models for Pathotyping and Vaccine Efficacy for Swine Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Kelly M. L ager and Amy L . Vincent PART IV EQUINE INFLUENZA 31 A Brief Introduction to Equine Influenza and Equine Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 65 Thomas M . Chambers 32 E quine Influenza Diagnosis: Sample Collection and Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 71 Thomas M . Chambers and S tephanie E. Reedy 33 RNA Extraction from Equine Samples for Equine Influenza Virus . . . . . . . . . 3 79 Udeni B. R . B alasuriya 34 Type A Influenza Virus Detection from Horses by Real-Time RT-PCR and Insulated Isothermal RT-PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 93 Udeni B. R . B alasuriya 35 Equine Influenza Culture Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 03 Thomas M . Chambers and Stephanie E . R eedy 36 E quine Influenza Serological Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 Thomas M. C hambers and Stephanie E . R eedy I ndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423