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Animal Cruelty, Antisocial Behaviour, and Aggression: More than a Link PDF

201 Pages·2012·3.456 MB·English
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The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series Series editors: AndrewLinzey and PriscillaCohn In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the ethics of our treatment of animals. Philosophers have led the way, and now a range of other scholars have followed, from historians to social scientists. From being a marginal issue, animals have become an emerging issue in ethics and in multidiscipli- nary inquiry. This series explores the challenges that Animal Ethics poses, both conceptually and practically, to traditional understandings of human-animal relations. Specifically, the series will: • provide a range of key introductory and advanced texts that map out ethical positions on animals; • p ublish pioneering work written by new, as well as accomplished, scholars, and • produce texts from a variety of disciplines that are multidisciplinary in char- acter or have multidisciplinary relevance Titles include ANIMAL SUFFERING: PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE Elisa Aaltola ANIMALS AND PUBLIC HEALTH: Why Treating Animals Better Is Critical to Human Welfare Aysha Akhtar AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS AND POLITICAL THEORY Alasdair Cochrane ANIMAL CRUELTY, ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND AGGRESSION: More than a Link Eleonora Gullone POWER, KNOWLEDGE, ANIMALS Lisa Johnson THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS Andrew Knight AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS IN VISUAL CULTURE Randy Malamud POPULAR MEDIA AND ANIMALS Claire Molloy ANIMALS, EQUALITY AND DEMOCRACY Siobhan O’Sullivan AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS AND SOCIOLOGY Kay Peggs SOCIAL WORK AND ANIMALS: A MORAL INTRODUCTION Thomas Ryan AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMALS AND THE LAW Joan Schaffner Forthcoming titles HUMAN ANIMAL RELATIONS: THE OBLIGATION TO CARE Mark Bernstein ANIMALS IN THE CLASSICAL WORLD: ETHICAL PERCEPTIONS Alastair Harden The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–57686–5 Hardback 978–0–230–57687–2 Paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Animal Cruelty, Antisocial Behaviour and Aggression More than a Link Eleonora Gullone Monash University, Australia © Eleonora Gullone 2012 Foreword © Phil Arkow 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-23923-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-31615-1 ISBN 978-1-137-28454-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137284549 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Contents L ist of Tables viii Foreword by Phil Arkoww i x Series Editors’ Preface x vi Acknowledgements xviii 1 Introduction: The Aims of This Book 1 2 Historical and Current Conceptualizations of Animal Cruelty 5 Co-occurrence between animal cruelty and antisocial behaviour 7 The evolution of current thinkingg 8 The Child Behavior Checklist 10 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 1 0 Defining animal cruelty 11 Animal cruelty motivations 1 3 Chapter summary 1 5 3 Conceptualizations of Antisocial Behaviourr 16 From behaviours to individuals 1 7 From aggressive behaviours to antisocial behaviours 17 Toward a more developmentally-oriented focus 1 7 A developmental psychopathology approach 1 8 Defining antisocial behaviour 1 8 Defining aggression 1 9 T he importance of the intent requirement 20 Aggression dimensions 21 Chapter summary 24 4 The Development of Antisocial Behaviourr 25 Key issues and considerations 25 Development 26 Infancy and toddlerhood 2 6 Childhood 2 7 Child-onset antisocial behaviour 28 Adolescence 3 0 Adolescent-onset antisocial behaviour 3 0 Child versus adolescent-onset of antisocial behaviour 31 v vi Contents Adulthood 3 3 Prevalence 3 4 Stabilityy 35 Chapter summary 37 5 Theoretical Accounts of Aggressive Behaviour and Animal Cruelty 3 9 Theoretical accounts of aggressive behaviour 39 Cognitive neo-association theory 40 Social cognitive models 40 General Aggression Model (GAM) 4 1 Theoretical accounts of animal crueltyy 42 Antisocial behaviour risk factors 42 Chapter summary 4 3 6 Biological and Individual Difference Risk Factors 4 5 Biological risk factors 4 5 Sex differences 46 Baseline levels of arousal 47 Individual difference risk factors 48 Temperament 48 Personalityy 50 Psychopathy and Callous-Unemotional traits 51 Psychopathy in non-adult populations 54 Chapter summary 5 6 7 Environmental Risk Factors 5 8 Socioeconomic status 58 Provocation 59 Opportunity 59 Aggressive cues and exposure to violence 60 Family and parenting factors 6 2 Attachment relationships 6 4 Parenting practices 67 Parental warmth 6 7 Coercive and inconsistent parenting practices 68 Physical punishment 69 Direct and indirect abuse effects 71 Peer relationships 7 4 Chapter summary 75 8 Emotional and Cognitive Processes 78 Emotion processes 78 Emotion regulation 7 8 Cognitive factors and information processing 80 Contents vii Knowledge structures 80 Schemas and scripts 81 Attributional, perception, and expectation biases 8 2 Accessibility of aggressive responses 8 3 Self-efficacyy 8 4 Moral disengagement 8 5 Attitudes and beliefs 88 Chapter summary 8 9 9 Aetiological Accounts of Animal Cruelty 91 Theoretical models of animal crueltyy 91 The Violence Graduation Hypothesis 9 1 The Deviance Generalization Hypothesis 98 Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and psychopathy 99 Criminal behaviour and animal crueltyy 1 01 Federal Bureau of Investigation workk 105 Family violence and animal crueltyyy 109 Bullying and animal cruelty in youth 111 Risk factors for the development of animal cruelty 113 Sex differences 115 Age differences 1 16 Witnessing of violence, and animal crueltyyy 117 Family and parenting experiences 119 Displacement of aggression 123 Cognitive errors, aggressive cues, and exposure to violence 124 Empathy and emotion regulation 125 Chapter summary 1 27 10 C onclusions and Future Directions 1 29 The development of animal cruelty behaviour 1 29 Cross-cultural research 130 An action agenda 134 Proposed strategies for change 1 35 Concluding comments 137 Chapter summary 1 37 References 140 Glossaryy 165 Index 175 Tables 1 M odels of personality and their dimensions 5 2 2 Descriptions of the disorders associated with animal crueltyy 102 3 C omparative percentages of crimes by category for all alleged offenders and only alleged animal cruelty offenders based on Victoria Police data for the years 1994 through 2001 104 4 C hecklist of risk behaviours predictive of future violence 107 viii Foreword How does violence, and particularly violence in childhood, begin? More importantly, how do we prevent it from happening? Philosophers, writers, and social scientists have asked these questions for thousands of years, and we are no closer today to ending violence than we were when Plato observed that without sufficient education, man can change from the most divine and most civilized to the most savage of earthly creatures. The past four decades have witnessed a renaissance of interest in an age-old notion. This is the concept of what today we call “The Link,” the idea that acts of interpersonal violence are frequently preceded by, or co-occur with, acts of cruelty to animals, “red flag” markers that previously were ignored. Animal abuse is becoming more widely recog- nized as a potential indicator and/or predictor of interpersonal violence that escalates in range, severity, and number of victims. This notion captivates popular thought with its intuitive appeal, but concomitantly challenges the research community in attempting to validate it empiri- cally. Fortunately, a small, but rapidly growing, corpus of literature – as reviewed comprehensively in the book you are about to read – gives increasing credence to centuries of conventional wisdom that animal abuse and human violence often go hand-in-hand – or, as we some- times quip, hand-in-paw. But exploring the links among animal abuse, child maltreatment, intimate partner violence and elder abuse involves numerous meth- odological, semantic, cultural, and legal challenges, all anchored by an unfortunate reality: whether in the world of legislators, law enforce- ment officers, academics, or philanthropists, “animal” interests are perceived to be of lesser import than “human” interests. The ecological movement may have initiated wider recognition that human beings are, indeed, animals as well, and that the fates of all species are inex- tricably intertwined, but the general public and many professions still harbour internalized barriers that separate us (i.e., humans) from them (i.e., “beasts,” “only animals,” “the lower orders,” and other terms about non-humans often applied derogatorily). Some have called this “speciesism.” Others attribute it to animals’ lacking legal “standing” and their position, enshrined in law, as either chattel property (companion animals and livestock) or the property of ix

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