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Barrett Adkins Animal Behavior Animal Behavior Animal Behavior Edited by Barrett Adkins Animal Behavior Edited by Barrett Adkins ISBN: 978-1-9789-2073-6 © 2017 Library Press Published by Library Press, 5 Penn Plaza, 19th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA Cataloging-in-Publication Data Animal behavior / edited by Barrett Adkins. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-9789-2073-6 1.Animal behavior. 2. Animal psychology. I. Adkins, Barrett. QL751 .A55 2017 591.5--dc23 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. All chapters are published with permission under the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike License or equivalent. A wide variety of references are listed. Permissions and sources are indicated; for detailed attributions, please refer to the permissions page. 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Table of Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Understanding Animal Behavior 1 • Ethology 1 • Cognitive Ethology 10 Chapter 2 Key Concepts of Animal Behavior 13 • Behaviorism 13 • Animal Cognition 21 • Adaptation 39 Chapter 3 Evolutionary Basis for Animal Behavior 52 • Behavioral Ecology 52 • Altruism (Biology) 71 • Habituation 80 • Lamarckism 86 • Natural Selection 102 • Neuroethology 117 Chapter 4 Animal Communication and Migration 128 • Animal Communication 128 • Bee Learning and Communication 143 • Deception in Animals 151 • Ultrasound Avoidance 163 • Waggle Dance 166 • Animal Migration 171 • Bird Migration 176 • Fish Migration 192 • Insect Migration 196 • Lepidoptera Migration 199 Chapter 5 Animal Sexual Behavior 208 • Animal Sexual Behaviour 208 • Mating System 227 • Mating Call 232 • Monogamy in Animals 239 • Polygyny Threshold Model 243 • Parthenogenesis 245 Chapter 6 Eating Behavior of Animals 260 • Predation 260 • Hoarding (Animal Behavior) 287 • Eating Behavior in Insects 289 • Regurgitation (Digestion) 291 • List of Feeding Behaviours 293 ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ VI Contents Chapter 7 Abnormal Behavior in Animals 309 • Agonistic Behaviour 309 • Animal Psychopathology 312 • Broodiness 323 • Cribbing (Horse) 329 • Licking 333 • Feather Pecking 337 • Vent Pecking 342 • Infanticide (Zoology) 343 • Stereotypy (Non-human) 351 • Stable Vices 353 Permissions Index ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Preface Animal behavior, ethology or behaviorism is a scientific field that studies the behavior of animals under normal circumstances. It includes topics like observational learning, habituation, imprinting, and associative learning, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of animal behavior. Such selected concepts that redefine the field have been presented in it. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of animal behavior. For someone with an interest and eye for detail, this text covers the most significant topics in this field. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the students. To facilitate a deeper understanding of the contents of this book a short introduction of every chapter is written below: Chapter 1- The study of animal behavior is termed as ethology. It studies the behavior of animals under natural conditions. Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology that is mainly concerned with the influence of conscious awareness of an animal. This chapter will provide an integrated understanding of animal behavior. Chapter 2- The key concepts of animal behavior that have been elucidated in this section are behaviorism, animal cognition and adaption. Behaviorism is the theory that studies and understands the behavior of animals and humans. Behaviorism as a subject includes elements of psychological theory, philosophy and methodology. The major components of animal behavior are discussed in the following section. Chapter 3- Behavioral ecology is the study of the development in the change of animal behavior due to the ecological pressures. The features explained in this section are habituation, Lamarckism, natural selection and neuroethology. This chapter is an overview of the subject matter incorporating all the major aspects of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior. Chapter 4- Animal communication is the communication between one or a group of animals. This subject is rapidly growing as a field of study. Bee learning and communication, deception in animals, ultrasound avoidance, waggle dance and bird migration are some of the topics discussed in this section. The chapter strategically encompasses and incorporates the major components and key concepts of animal communication and animal migration, providing a complete understanding. Chapter 5- Animal sexual behavior is the reproductive process that takes place in animals. The systems involved in animal sexual behavior include monogamy, polyandry, polygamy and promiscuity. The topics discussed in the section are of great importance to broaden the existing knowledge on animal sexual behavior. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ VIII Preface Chapter 6- Predation is the process of a predator hunting and eating its prey. They may or may not kill their prey before eating them but the act of predation usually does result in the death of the prey. The alternative eating behavior of animals are hoarding, regurgitation and cannibalism. This chapter helps the readers in developing an in depth understanding the eating behavior of animals. Chapter 7- Agonistic behavior is the behavior that animals represent during a fight. It also includes threats, displays, placation and conciliation. Animal psychopathology, broodiness, licking, feather pecking and vent pecking are some of the topics explained in the chapter. This section on abnormal behavior in animals offers an insightful focus, keeping in mind the subject matter. I would like to share the credit of this book with my editorial team who worked tirelessly on this book. I owe the completion of this book to the never-ending support of my family, who supported me throughout the project. Editor ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ 1 Understanding Animal Behavior The study of animal behavior is termed as ethology. It studies the behavior of animals under natural conditions. Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology that is mainly concerned with the influence of conscious awareness of an animal. This chapter will provide an integrated understanding of animal behavior. Ethology A range of animal behaviours Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Be- haviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laborato- ry context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity. Many naturalists have stud- ied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history. Ethology has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th centu- ry, including Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth, and Wallace Craig. The modern discipline of ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________