Animal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods PDF
Preview Animal Acoustic Communication: Sound Analysis and Research Methods
S.L. Hopp· M.J. Owren· C.S. Evans (Eds.) Anima! Acoustic Communication Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hongkong London Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo S.1. Hopp • M.}.Owren . C.S. Evans (Eds.) Animal Acoustic Communication Sound Analysis and Research Methods With 115 Figures Springer DR. STEVEN 1. Hopp University of Arizona Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tucson, AZ 85721 USA J. DR. MICHAEL OWREN Cornell University Dept.ofPsychology Ithaca, NY 14853 USA DR. CHRISTOPHER S. EvA NS Macquarie University Dept of Psychology Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia Library of Congress Animal acoustic communication : sound analysis and research methods / Steven 1. Hopp, Michael J. Owren, and Christopher S. Evans (eds.). p. cm. Includes bibliograhical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76222-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-76220-8 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-76220-8 1. Animal sounds. 2. Sound production by animals. 3. Animal communication. I. Hopp, Steven 1., 1954-. 11. Owren Michael J., 1955-. 111. Evans, Christopher Stuart, 1959· QL765.A.645 1977 591.59#4-dc21 97-10402 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadca sting, reproduction on rnicrofilrn or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and perrnissions for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the Gerrnan Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1998 The use of general descriptive narnes, registered narnes, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such narnes are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Carnera ready by Claudia Seelinger, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg Cover design: D&P, Heidelberg Cover photograph: courtesy ofJ.M. Whitehead SPIN 10014776 31/3137 5 4 3 2 1 0 -Printed on acid free paper PREFACE The last decades have brought a significant increase in research on acoustic communi cation in animals. Publication of scientific papers on both empirical and theoretical aspects of this topic has greatly increased, and a new journal, Bioacoustics, is entirely devoted to such articles. Coupled with this proliferation of work is a recognition that many of the current issues are best approached with an interdisciplinary perspective, requiring technical and theoretical contributions from a number of areas of inquiry that have traditionally been separated. With the notable exception of a collection edited by Lewis (1983), there have been fewvolumes predominatelyfocused on technical issues in comparative bioacoustics to follow up the earlyworks edited by Lanyon and Tavolga (1960) and Busnel (1963). It was the tremendous growth of expertise c:()ncerning this topic in particular that provided the initial impetus to organize this volume, which attempts to present fundamental information from both theoretical and applied aspects of current bioacoustics research. While a completely comprehensive review would be impractical, this volume offers a basic treatment of a wide variety of topics aimed at providing a conceptual framework within which researchers can address their own questions. Each presentation is designed to be useful to the broadest possible spectrum of researchers, including both those currently working in any of the many and diverse disciplines of bioacoustics, and others that may be new to such studies. Several previous collections have addressed communication-related topics in par ticular taxonomic groups, such as fish (Tavolga et al. 1981), birds (Kroodsma et al. 1982; Catchpole and Slater 1995; Kroodsma andMiller1996), andnonhuman primates (Snow don et al. 1982; Todt et al. 1988; Zimmermann et al. 1995). Typically these treatments have provided a mix of technical, empirical, and theoretical contributions. Other com piled volumes have been devoted to specific subtopics in animal communication in cluding animal perception (e.g., Berkley and Stebbins 1990; Stebbins and Berkley 1990) and sound-broadcast, or playback, studies (McGregor 1992). This book differs from these earlier volumes in that it specifically responds to recent developments in digital computing, and its applications. In addition, we include several chapters outlining the current technological and methodological approaches to studies in particular areas of animal acoustic communication. A large part of the growth in animal acoustic communication research can be attrib uted to the development of accessible computer hardware and software that allows sophisticated digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms to be applied to sound-derived data. A technological revolution of the last decades has produced a wide variety of new approaches, newways of thinking about problems, and much greater capacity for proc essing and manipulating information. However, the extent to which new developments have been transferred across disciplines has, in part, determined some of the advances in a given area. For research in acoustics, these advances include the development of processing hardware, the discovery of efficient methods for the imaging and analysis of signals, and development of applications for these procedures across disciplines and even across taxa. Many of these techniques have been used widely in engineering fields but have only recently been employed routinely by comparative researchers. Theoreti cal discussions of digital signal processing have been published primarily in the engi neering literature, and have consequently been relatively inaccessible to comparative researchers. Similar difficulties also occur within the discipline of comparative bioa- VI coustics. Here, important factors indude the great diversity of backgrounds found among animal-oriented investigators, as weIl as significant variation in both the nature of the sound signals of interest and the circumstances oft he animal species that produce them. The result has been that barriers to mutually beneficial sharing ofknowledge have arisen due to rather arbitrary divergence of terminology and methods. One overriding purpose in presenting this volume, then, is to introduce common techniques in DSP in a manner that is comprehensible to both students and professionals conducting bioa coustics research in diverse subdisciplines. In addition, the various authors here have tried to provide dear examples ofboth typical and possible applications of given meth ods or techniques, and outlining practical suggestions wherever possible. The first portion of the book is dedicated to sound analysis and computer-applica tions. In the first chapter, Gerhardt outlines the basic techniques of recording and ana lyzing animal sounds. The methods discussed therein provide a solid background for applications in diverse areas of research. This presentation is followed by a pair of com plementary chapters discussing the applications of digital technology to sound signal representation and processing in the time-and frequency-domains. The first, by ele ments, outlines the general principles of DSP in both mathematical and verbal form. The second, by Beeman, explicitly explains and demonstrates these principles in the context of the computing equipment and research topics that might be typical of sci entists working in bioacoustics. The next chapter, by Stoddard, offers a practical dis cussion of the crucial role of electronic filters in bioacoustics research, along with ex planations of related terminology, design, and application. The final chapter in this section, by Owren and Bernacki, addresses the conceptually narrower topic of how to characterize energy patterning in the frequency spectrum of sound. The approach de scribed, based on linear prediction, has been used in analogous applications in other disciplines, particularly in the analysis and synthesis ofhuman speech. The second section addresses four general areas of study in which recent technologi cal advances have allowed researchers both to address long-standing questions of in terest with greatly increased power and to pioneer entirely new lines of inquiry. Each of these chapters combines the presentation of important theoretical and methodologi cal topics with both an overview of the associated empiricalliterature and examples of studies in which new approaches have been used. The first two chapters discuss three realms of acoustics that fall outside the typical human auditory experience. The chapter by Pye and Langbauer on infrasound and ultrasound, airborne acoustic signals that fall belowand above the range ofhuman sensitivity, respectively, is complemented by the discussion by Tyack, on underwater sound communication. Each of these signaling domains presents unique technical challenges and have given rise to quite unexpected research findings. In the third chapter, Rubin and Va tikiotis-Bateson discuss the acous tics of species-typical communication in human speech, an extensively studied com munication system. The techniques and theoretical models outlined therein provide a rich base for studies with a comparative focus. This area of research is typically not considered in a comparative perspective, although it has historically been immensely important to the investigation ofs ound signals in nonhuman animals. The development of much of the hardware and software currently in use in comparative bioacoustics can be directly linked to studies of speech production or perception. For example, ideas about the source-filter theory of voice production in humans have provided models for vn understanding some aspects of sound production by both primates and birds. In the final chapter in this section, Gaunt and Nowicki specifically examine the latter topic, i.e. sound production by birds, and in doing so demonstrate the power of combining technological advances with interdisciplinary thinking. The three chapters in the final section focus on different aspects of the question of how communicative signals affect the receiver. The methods are diverse, ranging from how animals overtly or covertly respond to signals, to basic questions such as whether organisms can discriminate among similar signals. Hopp and Morton discuss sound playback studies, which are used to assess the re action of animals to the broadcast of particular sounds. Such studies are typically conducted in the field with free-ranging animals. Where naturally occurring responses to sounds are lirnited, training animals to respond differentially to signals allows researchers to ask questions about sound perception and categorization of signals. These techniques are discussed by Cynx and Clark. The last chapter is a contrast to the other contributions in that its focus is not primarily on issues related to measurement and analysis of acoustic signals. In this chapter, Ball and Dufty provide detailed, practical methodological information about the interplay between acoustic signals and the neuroendocrine systems of animals. As the chapter demonstrates, hormonal responses to auditory stimulation play an impor tant and immediate role in many aspects of acoustic communication. As we prepare to enter a new century, it is nearly impossible to anticipate the inevi table advances in technology, or the profound effects that these advances will have on studies of animal acoustic communication. We hope this volume will provide readers with a framework for understanding the dramatic changes that have taken place in animal communication research. It is meant as a stepping stone to our shared future in comparative bioacoustics. Steven L. Hopp Tueson, Arizona, USA Michael J. Owren Ithaca, NY, USA Christopher S. Evans Sydney, Australia References Berkley MA, Stebbins WC (eds) (1990) Comparative perception, voll. Basic mechanisms. Wiley, New York Busnel RG (ed) (1963) Acoustic bel1avior of animals. Elsevier, Amsterdam Catchpole CK, Slater PIB (1995) Bird song. Cambridge New York Kroodsma OE, Miller EH, Ouellet H (eds) (1982) Acoustic communication in birds, vols I and 11. Academic Press, NewYork Kroodsma OE, Miller EH (eds)(1996) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca Lanyon WE, Tavolga WN (1960) Symposium on animal sounds and communication. Am Inst Biol Sei, Washington Lewis B (ed) (1983) Bioacoustics: a comparative approach. Academic Press, NewYork McGregor PK (ed) (1992) Playback and studies of animal communication. Plenum, New York Snowdon CT, Brown CH, Petersen MR (1982) Primate communication. Cambridge Universitv Press, New York Stebbins WC, Berkley MA (eds) (1990) Comparative perception, volII. Complex signals. Wiley, New York Tavolga WN, Popper AN, Pay RR (eds) (1981) Hearing and sound communication in fishes. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York VIII Todt D, Goedeking P, Symrnes D (eds) (1988) Primate voca1 communication. Springer Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Zinlmerman E, Newrnan JD, Jürgens, U (eds) (1995) Current topics in primate vocal communication. Plenum, NewYork Acknowledgments Over the years there were many people who offered suggestions, support, discussion, inspiration, time, and chapter reviews. We thank the following people for their contri butions: W. Au, C.A. Boone, B. Burgess, E. Carterette, F. Cheever, D. Czeschlik, V.J. DeGhett, U. Gramm, P.S. Kaplan, B.E. Kingsolver, A. Kirby, T. Krammer, D.E. Krood sma, C.A. Logan, A. Popper, C. Seelinger, J. Spiesberger, R.A. Suthers. In addition we thank the authors of this volume for their dedication and endurance. CONTRIBUTORS GREGORY F. BALL Department ofP sychology, lohns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2686 USA KIMBEEMAN Engineering Design, 43 Newton Street, Belmont, Massachusetts 02178, USA ROBERT BERNACKI P.O. Box 3188, Bloomington Scientific, Bloomington, Indiana 47402 USA STEPHEN CLARK Psychology Department, 124 Raymond Ave, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, USA MARK CLEMENTS School of Electrical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0250, USA JEFFERY CYNX Psychology Department, 124 Raymond Ave, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, 12601, USA ALFRED M. DUFTY, JR. Department ofBiology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho, 83725, USA CHRISTOPHER S. EvA NS School ofBehavioural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia ABBOT S. (TOBY) GAUNT Department ofZoology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil A v., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA H. CARL GERHARDT Division of Biological Sciences, 105 Tucker Hall, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA Steven L. Hopp Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ari zona, 85721, USA WILLIAM R. LANGBAUER, JR. Pittsburgh Zoo, P.O. Box 5250, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15206, USA x EUGBNB S. MORTON Conservation and Research Center, Smithonian Institution, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royat Virginia 22630, USA STBPHBN NOWICKI Department ofZoology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27706, USA J. MICHABL OWRBN Department of Psychology, Cornell University, 224 Uris Halt Ithaca, New York 1485.3 USA J.DAVIDPYB Department ofZoology and Cpmparartive Physiology, Queen Mary College, University ofL ondon, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK PHILIP RUBIN Haskins Laboratories and Yale University School ofM edicine, Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology, 270 Crown Street, New Haven, Conneticut, 06511, USA PHILIP K. STODDARD Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park, Miam~ Florida, 33199, USA PBTBR L. TYACK Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA ERIC VATIKIOTIS-BATBSON ATR Human Information Processing Research Laboratories, 2-2 HikaridailSeika-cho, Sorkau-gun,Kyoto 619-02, Japan
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