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Animal! PDF

290 Pages·2016·119.974 MB·English
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DK UK: Senior Editor Jenny Sich Senior Art Editor Stefan Podhorodecki Editors Scarlett O’Hara, Rona Skene Editorial Assistant Vicky Richards US Editors Margaret Parrish, Rebecca Warren Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Jacket Editor Claire Gell Producer (Pre-Production) Dragana Puvacic Producer Rita Sinha Managing Editor Francesca Baines Managing Art Editor Philip Letsu Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Art Director Karen Self Design Director Philip Ormerod Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf DK India: Senior Editor Rupa Rao Senior Art Editor Anjana Nair Art Editors Amit Varma, Alpana Aditya, Tanvi Sahu Assistant Editor Charvi Arora Senior DTP Designers Shanker Prasad, Vishal Bhatia, Harish Aggarwal DTP Designer Ashok Kumar Senior Picture Researcher Sumedha Chopra Illustrator Arun Pottirayil Jacket Designer Dhirendra Singh Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Singh Pre-Production Manager Balwant Singh Production Manager Pankaj Sharma Picture Research Manager Taiyaba Khatoon Managing Editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing Art Editor Govind Mittal Animal Science chapter written by Tom Jackson, Tim Harris First American Edition, 2016 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a division of Penguin Random House LLC 16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–282998–October/2016 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978–1–4654–5335–8 Printed and bound in China A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW www.dk.com US_002-003_Title.indd 2 25/05/2016 16:33 s m i t h s o n i a n ANIMAL! Written by John Woodward Consultant Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan Illustrators Val @ Advocate-Art, Andrew Beckett @ Illustration Ltd, Adam Benton, Peter Bull, Dynamo Ltd, Andrew Kerr, Jon @ KJA, Arran Lewis, Peter Minister, Stuart Jackson-Carter — SJC Illustration Smithsonian THE SMITHSONIAN Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum and research complex—includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection is estimated at 138 million. The Smithsonian is a renowned research center, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history. US_002-003_Title.indd 3 20/07/2016 16:18 CONTENTS AMPHIBIANS WHAT IS AN AMPHIBIAN? 82 Red-eyed tree frog 84 WHAT IS AN ANIMAL? 6 Common toad 86 EVOLUTION AND EXTINCTION 8 Frogs and toads 88 ANIMAL HISTORY 10 Great crested newt 90 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 12 Salamanders and newts 92 INVERTEBRATES WHAT IS AN INVERTEBRATE? 16 Pacific sea nettle 18 Cnidarians 20 Giant clam 22 Cephalopods 24 Mollusks 26 Common lobster 28 Crustaceans 30 Desert locust 32 Emperor dragonfly 34 Beetles 36 Malaria mosquito 38 Butterflies and moths 40 Honeybee 42 Insects 44 REPTILES Giant centipede 46 Mexican red-kneed tarantula 48 Emperor scorpion 50 WHAT IS A REPTILE? 96 Arachnids 52 Galápagos tortoise 98 Common starfish 54 Turtles and tortoises 100 Echinoderms 56 Chameleons 102 Komodo dragon 104 Marine iguana 106 Lizards 108 Emerald tree boa 110 FISH Western diamondback rattlesnake 112 Snakes 114 WHAT IS A FISH? 60 Crocodilians 116 Sea lamprey 62 Great white shark 64 Blue-spotted ribbontail ray 66 Sharks and rays 68 Spotted seahorse 70 Red lionfish 72 Sailfish 74 Red-bellied piranha 76 Bony fish 78 US_004-005_Contents.indd 4 06/05/2016 17:00 BIRDS WHAT IS A BIRD? 120 Wandering albatross 136 Ratites 122 Waterbirds, seabirds, and shorebirds 138 Emperor penguin 124 Eagle owl 140 Penguins 126 Owls 142 Gamebirds 128 Toucans and woodpeckers 144 Golden eagle 130 Raggiana bird of paradise 146 Hawks and eagles 132 Eurasian starling 148 Parrots 134 Perching birds 150 MAMMALS WHAT IS A MAMMAL? 154 Tiger 212 Monotremes 156 Cheetah 214 Red kangaroo 158 Lion 216 Marsupials 160 Snow leopard 218 Three-banded armadillo 162 Wild cats 220 Giant anteater 164 Spotted hyena 222 European mole 166 Meerkat 224 Elephants 168 Horses 226 North American beaver 170 Black rhinoceros 228 Rodents 172 Camelids 230 Rabbits and hares 174 Common warthog 232 Lemurs 176 Western red deer 234 Paraguayan howler 178 Bovids 236 Monkeys 180 Giraffe 238 Sumatran orangutan 182 Hippopotamus 240 Mountain gorilla 184 Orca 242 Apes 186 Humpback whale 244 Bats 188 Cetaceans 246 Gray wolf 190 African wild dog 192 Canids 194 ANIMAL SCIENCE 248 Grizzly bear 196 GLOSSARY 282 Giant panda 198 INDEX 284 Bears 200 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 288 California sea lion 202 Seals 204 Scales and sizes Striped skunk 206 The sizes given in this book are average maximums. For scale, animals are shown next to an average-height adult man, an adult Honey badger 208 human hand, or half a thumb. Where the length of an animal is given, Mustelids 210 this refers to: for fish, amphibians, and reptiles, the measurement from head to tail; for birds, the measurement from beak to tail; for mammals, the head-body length (excluding tail). m) m) m) 1.8 8 c 2 c 6 ft ( 7 in (1 3⁄ in (4 US_004-005_Contents.indd 5 25/05/2016 11:51 6 What is an animal? SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE Scientists currently divide life on Animal life encompasses an astonishing diversity Earth into six “kingdoms.” Three of form and behavior. Many animals seem familiar to of these—the archaea, bacteria, and protists—are mainly made up us, because we are animals too. We instinctively of microscopic organisms, so we are understand the needs of an animal such as a cat, for rarely aware of them, even though example, and how it responds to its environment. we could not exist without them. The other three are the fungi, But some animals have ways of life that are harder to plants, and animals. The differences comprehend, and creatures such as corals may seem between fungi and plants are not to behave more like plants. What is it that links corals very obvious, but most animals Archaea with the cat, and with us? Why are they animals, are easy to recognize by the The simplest life forms are way they move and react to single cells—tiny fluid-filled and not some other form of life? their environment. sacs that absorb energy to fuel their reproduction. SIX KEY ANIMAL FEATURES Ranging from microscopic worms to colossal whales, animals are amazingly diverse in shape, size, and anatomy. Despite this they all share some key features, including the most basic structure of their bodies, the way they fuel their growth and reproduction, their ability to sense their environment, and their mobility. Multicellular bodies Archaea, bacteria, and most protists consist of microscopic single cells containing the complex chemicals needed for life. All animals have bodies built up from many of these cells, which are typically organized into different types of tissue and organs. Even this water flea (a type of freshwater crustacean) has specialized organs, though it is only WATER FLEA up to 1⁄4 in (5 mm) long. Energy and food Living things need energy to function. Plants use the energy of sunlight to make tissues that store the energy. Animals eat these tissues, or those of other living things, and process them to release the energy and essential chemicals they need to fuel and build their own bodies. CATERPILLAR EATING LEAF FOR ENERGY Finding food All animals eat living organisms, or the remains of dead ones. Most have ways of processing them in digestive organs that break down the tissues, turning them into nutrients. Some aquatic animals filter food particles from the water, but most have mouths that they use to seize and swallow food. Animals have acute senses and most are mobile. Both these traits help them to find food and, if necessary, catch it. BASKING SHARK FILTERS FOOD FROM WATER US_006_007_what_is_an_animal.indd 6 06/05/2016 17:00 7 Bacteria Protists Plants Fungi Animals Similar to archaea, but with More complex than bacteria, Made up of many cells that Single-celled or multicelled All animals are multicelled. different chemistry, bacteria these mainly single-celled resemble those of protists, fungi typically obtain energy Most get their energy by live everywhere. Some cause organisms contain structures plants typically use solar by feeding on dead plant and eating and digesting plants, disease; others keep us alive. that have different functions. energy to fuel their growth. animal material. fungi, or other animals. Gas exchange Animals need oxygen to release energy from food, in a process that produces carbon dioxide. The bodies of insects contain tubes that pipe air to their muscles and organs, which absorb the vital oxygen from the air and release waste carbon dioxide. External In most other animals this exchange gills of gases takes place in the gills or lungs, which have a rich blood supply to carry the gases to and from all parts of their bodies. AXOLOTL BREATHES THROUGH GILLS Sensory systems Nearly all animals have networks of nerve cells in their skin that respond to touch. More advanced animals have specialized sense organs that detect light, heat, scent, taste, sound, pressure, and even electrical activity. Their brains can memorize the patterns of these stimuli, enabling the animals to learn by experience and identify them again. Most of the sense organs of a typical animal, such as this eagle, are concentrated on its BALD EAGLE HAS EXCELLENT EYESIGHT head, near its mouth and brain. Getting around The most obvious feature of animals is their mobility. Some animals such as mussels and barnacles spend their adult lives attached to rocks and may not move visibly. But they do open and close their shells, and may pump water through their bodies. Most other animals are able to crawl, swim, walk, run, and even fly. This enables them to find food, THE CHEETAH IS ONE OF THE escape enemies, and seek out FASTEST LAND breeding partners. ANIMALS US_006_007_what_is_an_animal.indd 7 06/05/2016 17:00 8 Evolution INDIVIDUAL VARIATION and extinction When animals breed, the offspring inherit their The rich diversity of animal life is the result of parents’ features. For example, some individuals a continuous process of evolution—the change may have the same in living things over time as they adapt to their coloring as their mother environment. As the world changes, animals that and others the same as their father, or a shade in are best equipped for survival—the “fittest”— between the two. If an prosper and multiply, while others become unexpected color arises as extinct, vanishing for ever. a result of a mutation (change), it may give that individual an advantage, such as better camouflage. NATURAL SELECTION Wings match soot-blackened bark Wings match lichen-covered bark Natural selection is the process by which the fittest organisms survive and produce more offspring. Over time it means that animals with a helpful adaptation become more numerous than those without, so the species gradually evolves. For example, in 19th-century Britain a rare dark form of the peppered moth became common in places where trees were blackened by industrial pollution, because it was better camouflaged and less visible to hungry birds. DARK FORM OF PEPPERED MOTH PALE FORM OF PEPPERED MOTH LOST ANCESTORS Life on Earth is changing all the time as new species appear and MORE THAN others become extinct. Because fossil evidence is very incomplete, 90 PERCENT it is impossible to know which animal is ancestral to another, and OF ALL THE SPECIES THAT the further back in time you look the more difficult it becomes. HAVE EVER EXISTED Scientists look for similarities between animals but this does not ARE NOW EXTINCT. always mean they are closely related. GOMPHOTHERIUM Branching family tree The ancient animals shown here are not the direct ancestors of the modern elephant. However, they are all thought to be descended from a common ancestor, making them members of the same branching family tree. MEORITHERIUM PHIOMA DEINOTHERIUM US_008-009_Evolution_and_extinction.indd 8 06/05/2016 17:00

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