Animal!

290 Pages·2016·119.97 MB·English

by  John Woodward

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Animal Science chapter written by Tom Jackson, Tim Harris
First American Edition, 2016
Published in the United States by DK Publishing
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
Copyright © 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited
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ISBN: 978–1–4654–5335–8
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s m i t h s o n i a n
ANIMAL!
Written by John Woodward
Consultant Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan
Illustrators Val @ Advocate-Art, Andrew Beckett @ Illustration Ltd, Adam Benton,
Peter Bull, Dynamo Ltd, Andrew Kerr, Jon @ KJA,
Arran Lewis, Peter Minister, Stuart Jackson-Carter — SJC Illustration
Smithsonian
THE SMITHSONIAN
Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum
and research complex—includes 19 museums and galleries and the
National Zoological Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art,
and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection is estimated at 138 million.
The Smithsonian is a renowned research center, dedicated to public education,
national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history.
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CONTENTS
AMPHIBIANS
WHAT IS AN AMPHIBIAN? 82
Red-eyed tree frog 84
WHAT IS AN ANIMAL? 6
Common toad 86
EVOLUTION AND EXTINCTION 8
Frogs and toads 88
ANIMAL HISTORY 10
Great crested newt 90
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 12
Salamanders and newts 92
INVERTEBRATES
WHAT IS AN INVERTEBRATE? 16
Pacific sea nettle 18
Cnidarians 20
Giant clam 22
Cephalopods 24
Mollusks 26
Common lobster 28
Crustaceans 30
Desert locust 32
Emperor dragonfly 34
Beetles 36
Malaria mosquito 38
Butterflies and moths 40
Honeybee 42
Insects 44 REPTILES
Giant centipede 46
Mexican red-kneed tarantula 48
Emperor scorpion 50 WHAT IS A REPTILE? 96
Arachnids 52 Galápagos tortoise 98
Common starfish 54 Turtles and tortoises 100
Echinoderms 56 Chameleons 102
Komodo dragon 104
Marine iguana 106
Lizards 108
Emerald tree boa 110
FISH
Western diamondback rattlesnake 112
Snakes 114
WHAT IS A FISH? 60 Crocodilians 116
Sea lamprey 62
Great white shark 64
Blue-spotted ribbontail ray 66
Sharks and rays 68
Spotted seahorse 70
Red lionfish 72
Sailfish 74
Red-bellied piranha 76
Bony fish 78
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BIRDS
WHAT IS A BIRD? 120 Wandering albatross 136
Ratites 122 Waterbirds, seabirds, and shorebirds 138
Emperor penguin 124 Eagle owl 140
Penguins 126 Owls 142
Gamebirds 128 Toucans and woodpeckers 144
Golden eagle 130 Raggiana bird of paradise 146
Hawks and eagles 132 Eurasian starling 148
Parrots 134 Perching birds 150
MAMMALS
WHAT IS A MAMMAL? 154 Tiger 212
Monotremes 156 Cheetah 214
Red kangaroo 158 Lion 216
Marsupials 160 Snow leopard 218
Three-banded armadillo 162 Wild cats 220
Giant anteater 164 Spotted hyena 222
European mole 166 Meerkat 224
Elephants 168 Horses 226
North American beaver 170 Black rhinoceros 228
Rodents 172 Camelids 230
Rabbits and hares 174 Common warthog 232
Lemurs 176 Western red deer 234
Paraguayan howler 178 Bovids 236
Monkeys 180 Giraffe 238
Sumatran orangutan 182 Hippopotamus 240
Mountain gorilla 184 Orca 242
Apes 186 Humpback whale 244
Bats 188 Cetaceans 246
Gray wolf 190
African wild dog 192
Canids 194 ANIMAL SCIENCE 248
Grizzly bear 196 GLOSSARY 282
Giant panda 198 INDEX 284
Bears 200 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 288
California sea lion 202
Seals 204 Scales and sizes
Striped skunk 206 The sizes given in this book are average maximums. For scale,
animals are shown next to an average-height adult man, an adult
Honey badger 208
human hand, or half a thumb. Where the length of an animal is given,
Mustelids 210 this refers to: for fish, amphibians, and reptiles, the measurement from
head to tail; for birds, the measurement from beak to tail; for mammals,
the head-body length (excluding tail).
m) m) m)
1.8 8 c 2 c
6 ft ( 7 in (1 3⁄ in (4
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6
What is an animal?
SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
Scientists currently divide life on
Animal life encompasses an astonishing diversity
Earth into six “kingdoms.” Three
of form and behavior. Many animals seem familiar to of these—the archaea, bacteria,
and protists—are mainly made up
us, because we are animals too. We instinctively
of microscopic organisms, so we are
understand the needs of an animal such as a cat, for
rarely aware of them, even though
example, and how it responds to its environment. we could not exist without them.
The other three are the fungi,
But some animals have ways of life that are harder to
plants, and animals. The differences
comprehend, and creatures such as corals may seem
between fungi and plants are not
to behave more like plants. What is it that links corals very obvious, but most animals Archaea
with the cat, and with us? Why are they animals, are easy to recognize by the The simplest life forms are
way they move and react to single cells—tiny fluid-filled
and not some other form of life?
their environment. sacs that absorb energy to
fuel their reproduction.
SIX KEY ANIMAL FEATURES
Ranging from microscopic worms to colossal whales, animals are
amazingly diverse in shape, size, and anatomy. Despite this they
all share some key features, including the most basic structure
of their bodies, the way they fuel their growth and reproduction,
their ability to sense their environment, and their mobility.
Multicellular bodies
Archaea, bacteria, and most protists consist of
microscopic single cells containing the
complex chemicals needed for life. All animals
have bodies built up from many of these cells,
which are typically organized into different
types of tissue and organs. Even this water
flea (a type of freshwater crustacean) has
specialized organs, though it is only
WATER FLEA up to 1⁄4 in (5 mm) long.
Energy and food
Living things need energy to function. Plants use the energy of sunlight
to make tissues that store the energy. Animals eat these tissues, or those
of other living things, and process them to release the energy and essential
chemicals they need to fuel and build their own bodies.
CATERPILLAR
EATING LEAF
FOR ENERGY
Finding food
All animals eat living organisms, or the
remains of dead ones. Most have ways of
processing them in digestive organs that
break down the tissues, turning them into
nutrients. Some aquatic animals filter food
particles from the water, but most have
mouths that they use to seize and swallow
food. Animals have acute senses and most
are mobile. Both these traits help them to
find food and, if necessary, catch it.
BASKING SHARK FILTERS FOOD FROM WATER
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7
Bacteria Protists Plants Fungi Animals
Similar to archaea, but with More complex than bacteria, Made up of many cells that Single-celled or multicelled All animals are multicelled.
different chemistry, bacteria these mainly single-celled resemble those of protists, fungi typically obtain energy Most get their energy by
live everywhere. Some cause organisms contain structures plants typically use solar by feeding on dead plant and eating and digesting plants,
disease; others keep us alive. that have different functions. energy to fuel their growth. animal material. fungi, or other animals.
Gas exchange
Animals need oxygen to release
energy from food, in a process
that produces carbon dioxide.
The bodies of insects contain
tubes that pipe air to their
muscles and organs, which
absorb the vital oxygen from the
air and release waste carbon dioxide.
External
In most other animals this exchange
gills
of gases takes place in the gills or
lungs, which have a rich blood supply
to carry the gases to and from all
parts of their bodies.
AXOLOTL BREATHES
THROUGH GILLS
Sensory systems
Nearly all animals have networks of
nerve cells in their skin that respond
to touch. More advanced animals
have specialized sense organs that
detect light, heat, scent, taste, sound,
pressure, and even electrical activity.
Their brains can memorize the
patterns of these stimuli, enabling
the animals to learn by experience
and identify them again. Most of the
sense organs of a typical animal, such
as this eagle, are concentrated on its
BALD EAGLE HAS
EXCELLENT EYESIGHT head, near its mouth and brain.
Getting around
The most obvious feature of animals is their
mobility. Some animals such as mussels and
barnacles spend their
adult lives attached
to rocks and may not
move visibly. But they
do open and close
their shells, and may
pump water through
their bodies. Most other
animals are able to crawl,
swim, walk, run, and even fly.
This enables them to find food, THE CHEETAH IS
ONE OF THE
escape enemies, and seek out FASTEST LAND
breeding partners. ANIMALS
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8
Evolution
INDIVIDUAL
VARIATION
and extinction
When animals breed,
the offspring inherit their
The rich diversity of animal life is the result of parents’ features. For
example, some individuals
a continuous process of evolution—the change
may have the same
in living things over time as they adapt to their coloring as their mother
environment. As the world changes, animals that and others the same as
their father, or a shade in
are best equipped for survival—the “fittest”—
between the two. If an
prosper and multiply, while others become unexpected color arises as
extinct, vanishing for ever. a result of a mutation
(change), it may give that
individual an advantage,
such as better camouflage.
NATURAL SELECTION Wings match soot-blackened bark Wings match
lichen-covered bark
Natural selection is the process by which the fittest
organisms survive and produce more offspring. Over
time it means that animals with a helpful adaptation
become more numerous than those without, so the
species gradually evolves. For example, in 19th-century
Britain a rare dark form of the peppered moth became
common in places where trees were blackened by
industrial pollution, because it was better camouflaged
and less visible to hungry birds.
DARK FORM OF PEPPERED MOTH PALE FORM OF PEPPERED MOTH
LOST ANCESTORS
Life on Earth is changing all the time as new species appear and MORE THAN
others become extinct. Because fossil evidence is very incomplete, 90 PERCENT
it is impossible to know which animal is ancestral to another, and
OF ALL THE SPECIES THAT
the further back in time you look the more difficult it becomes.
HAVE EVER EXISTED
Scientists look for similarities between animals but this does not ARE NOW EXTINCT.
always mean they are closely related.
GOMPHOTHERIUM
Branching family tree
The ancient animals shown here
are not the direct ancestors of the
modern elephant. However, they
are all thought to be descended
from a common ancestor, making
them members of the same
branching family tree.
MEORITHERIUM
PHIOMA DEINOTHERIUM
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