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Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination PDF

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ASCulture:ASCultureModernImagination 03/08/2010 12:39 Page 1 TA ANGLO-SAXON CULTURE HN EG and the ML O O - DS MODERN IMAGINATION A E RX NO N I M C AU GL IT NU AR TE I OA NN D Britain’s pre-Conquest past and its culture continues to fascinate Front cover: ‘Beowulf’s Journey’, modern writers and artists. From Henry Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon by Gavin Bone (1907–42), from his Beowulf in Modern Verse with an Reader to Seamus Heaney’s Beowulf, and from high modernism C Essay and Pictures(Oxford, 1945) by to the musclebound heroes of comic book and Hollywood, permission of Wiley-Blackwell. la Anglo-Saxon England has been a powerful and often unexpected Bone taught at St John’s College, rk source of inspiration, antagonism, and reflection. The essays Oxford, where his students included a here engage with the ways in which the Anglo-Saxons and their Philip Larkin and Kingsley Amis. n d literature have been received, confronted, and re-envisioned Back cover: Exeter Riddle Sculpture, P in the modern imagination. They offer fresh insights on by Michael Fairfax (2005), used e r established figures, such as W.H. Auden, J.R.R. Tolkien, and with permission. k i David Jones, and on contemporary writers such as Geoffrey n s Hill, Peter Reading, P.D. James, and Heaney. They explore the ( interaction between text, image and landscape in medieval and e d modern books, the recasting of mythic figures such as Wayland s ) Smith, and the metamorphosis of Beowulfinto Grendel–as a novel and as grand opera. The early medieval emerges not simply as a site of nostalgia or anxiety in modern revisions, but instead provides a vital arena for creativity, pleasure, and artistic experiment. an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF and EDITED BY DAVID CLARK & NICHOLAS PERKINS 668 Mt Hope Ave, Rochester NY 14620, USA www.boydellandbrewer.com Volume 1 Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination Britain’s pre-Conquest past and its culture continue to fascinate modern writers and artists. From Henry Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon Reader to Seamus Heaney’s Beowulf, and from high modernism to the musclebound heroes of comic book and Hollywood, Anglo-Saxon England has been a powerful and often unexpected source of inspiration, antagonism, and reflection. The essays here engage with the ways in which the Anglo-Saxons and their literature have been received, confronted, and re-envisioned in the modern imagination. They offer fresh insights on established figures such as W.H. Auden, J.R.R. Tolkien, and David Jones, and on contemporary writers such as Geoffrey Hill, Peter Reading, P.D. James, and Seamus Heaney. They explore the interaction between text, image, and landscape in medieval and modern books, the recasting of mythic figures such as Wayland Smith, and the metamorphosis of Beo- wulf into Grendel — as a novel and as grand opera. The early medieval emerges not simply as a site of nostalgia or anxiety in modern revisions, but instead provides a vital arena for creativity, pleasure, and artistic experiment. Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 1 29.6.2010 15:27 ISSN 2043-8230 Series Editors Karl Fugelso Chris Jones Medievalism aims to provide a forum for monographs and collections devoted to the burgeoning and highly dynamic multi-disciplinary field of medievalism studies : that is, work investigating the influence and appearance of ‘the medieval’ in the society and culture of later ages. Titles within the series will investigate the post-medieval construction and manifestations of the Middle Ages  attitudes towards, and uses and meanings of, ‘the medieval’  in all fields of culture, from politics and international relations, literature, history, architecture, and ceremonial ritual to film and the visual arts. It welcomes a wide range of topics, from historiographical subjects to revivalism, with the emphasis always firmly on what the idea of ‘the medieval’ has variously meant and continues to mean; it is founded on the belief that scholars interested in the Middle Ages can and should communicate their research both beyond and within the academic community of medievalists, and on the continuing relevance and presence of ‘the medi- eval’ in the contemporary world. New proposals are welcomed. They may be sent directly to the editors or the pub- lishers at the addresses given below. Professor Karl Fugelso Dr Chris Jones Art Department School of English Towson University University of St Andrews 3103 Center for the Arts St Andrews 8000 York Road Fife KY16 9AL Towson, MD 21252-0001 UK USA Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9 Woodbridge Suffolk IP12 3DF UK Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 2 29.6.2010 15:27 Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination edited by David Clark and Nicholas Perkins D.S. Brewer Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 3 29.6.2010 15:27 © Contributors 2010 All Rights Reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner First published 2010 D.S. Brewer, Cambridge ISBN 978 1 84384 251 4 D. S. Brewer is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA website : www.boydellandbrewer.com A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The publisher has no responsibility for the continued existence or accuracy of URLs for exter- nal or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. This publication is printed on acid-free paper Designed and typeset in Minion by The Stingray Office, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester Printed in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 4 29.6.2010 15:27 Contents List of Illustrations vii Contributors ix Foreword xi Bernard O’Donoghue Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations xiv Introduction 1 Nicholas Perkins and David Clark 1 From Heorot to Hollywood : Beowulf in its Third Millennium 13 Chris Jones 2 Priming the Poets : the Making of Henry Sweet’s Anglo-Saxon Reader 31 Mark Atherton 3 Owed to Both Sides : W.H. Auden’s Double Debt to the Literature of 51 the North Heather O’Donoghue 4 Writing for an Anglo-Saxon Audience in the Twentieth Century : 71 J.R.R. Tolkien’s Old English Chronicles Maria Artamonova 5 ‘Wounded men and wounded trees’ : David Jones and the Anglo-Saxon 89 Culture Tangle Anna Johnson 6 Basil Bunting, Briggflatts, Lindisfarne, and Anglo-Saxon Interlace 111 Clare A. Lees 7 BOOM: Seeing Beowulf in Pictures and Print 129 Siân Echard 8 Window in the Wall : Looking for Grand Opera in John Gardner’s 147 Grendel Allen J. Frantzen 0 Front matter.indd 5 2.7.2010 10:28 vi Contents 9 Re-placing Masculinity : The DC Comics Beowulf Series and its 165 Context, 1975–6 Catherine A.M. Clarke 10 P.D. James Reads Beowulf 183 John Halbrooks 11 Ban Welondes : Wayland Smith in Popular Culture 201 Maria Sachiko Cecire 12 ‘Overlord of the M5’ : The Superlative Structure of Sovereignty in 219 Geoffrey Hill’s Mercian Hymns Hannah J. Crawforth 13 The Absent Anglo-Saxon Past in Ted Hughes’s Elmet 237 Joshua Davies 14 Resurrecting Saxon Things : Peter Reading, ‘species decline’, and Old 255 English Poetry Rebecca Anne Barr Index 279 Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 6 29.6.2010 15:27 List of Illustrations Black-and-white Figures 5.1 David Jones, ‘Ongyrede hine’ inscription, reproduced by kind permission of 106 the David Jones Estate and the National Library of Wales. 7.1 Bronze plaque from Öland, reproduced from Oscar Montelius, The Civilisa- 133 tion of Sweden in Heathen Times, trans. F.H. Wood (London, 1888). 7.2 Gold collar from Öland, reproduced from Oscar Montelius, The Civilisation of 133 Sweden in Heathen Times, trans. F.H. Wood (London, 1888). 7.3 Vendel helmet, from Beowulf, trans.William Ellery Leonard (New York, 1923). 133 7.4 Viking readers, from Limited Editions Club reprint of Beowulf, trans. William 135 Ellery Leonard (New York, 1952). 13.1 Scout Rock, Mytholmroyd. Photograph by Fay Godwin, reproduced by kind 239 permission of Collections Picture Library Ltd. 13.2 Abel Cross, Crimsworth Dean. Photograph by Fay Godwin, reproduced by 247 kind permission of Collections Picture Library Ltd. 14.1 Peter Reading, Collected Poems 2 : p. 239, reproduced by kind permission of 262 Bloodaxe Books. 14.2 Peter Reading, Collected Poems 2 : p. 278, reproduced by kind permission of 263 Bloodaxe Books. 14.3 Peter Reading, Collected Poems 3 : facing p. 176, reproduced by kind permission 272 of Bloodaxe Books. 14.4 Peter Reading, Collected Poems 3 : facing p. 182, reproduced by kind permission 275 of Bloodaxe Books. Colour Plates between pp. 146 and 147 i Gareth Hinds, ‘Then Beowulf’s glory’, from his Beowulf (1999), reproduced by kind permission of the artist. ii Gareth Hinds, Beowulf emerges from the mere, from his Beowulf (1999), reproduced by kind permission of the artist. iii Sheila Mackie, helmet illustration from Beowulf, adapted by Julian Glover (Gloucester, 1987), reproduced by kind permission of the artist. vii Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 7 29.6.2010 15:27 viii List of Illustrations iv Funeral of Scyld, from Grendel : Transcendence of the Great Big Bad (2006). Photograph by Robert Millard, reproduced by kind permission of the Los Angeles Opera, with particular thanks to Mark Lyons. v The scop sings, from Grendel : Transcendence of the Great Big Bad (2006). Photograph by Robert Millard, reproduced by kind permission of the Los Angeles Opera, with particular thanks to Mark Lyons. vi Grendel approaches Heorot, from Grendel : Transcendence of the Great Big Bad (2006). Photograph by Robert Millard, reproduced by kind permission of the Los Angeles Opera, with particular thanks to Mark Lyons. Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 8 29.6.2010 15:27 Contributors Maria Artamonova teaches Old and Middle English at St Peter’s College, Oxford. Her academic interests include English historical syntax, translations from Latin into Old English, and Anglo-Saxon monastic rules. She has also published on J.R.R. Tolkien’s use of Old Ger- manic languages in his fiction, and translated his medievalist essays into Russian. Mark Atherton is Lecturer in English language and literature at Regent’s Park College, Oxford University. His research interests are in Old English and medieval studies as well as in nineteenth-century philology and applied linguistics. Publications include Hildegard of Bingen : Selected Writings (London, 2001), Celts and Christians : New Approaches to the Religious Tradi- tions of Britain and Ireland (Cardiff, 2002), and Teach Yourself Old English (London, 2006; new edition 2010). Rebecca Anne Barr is Assistant Professor in the Department of English Literature and Linguistics, Qatar University. She works on religion, literature and the representation of mas- culinity in the long eighteenth century, with additional interests in contemporary poetry and prose. After finishing her Ph.D. at Cambridge University she taught at Oxford, Royal Holloway, University of London, and Bath Spa University. She is currently researching a monograph on male chastity. Maria Sachiko Cecire is completing her doctoral thesis ‘The Oxford School of Children’s Fantasy Literature : Medieval Afterlives and the Production of Culture’ in the English Faculty at the University of Oxford. Her publications include essays in Journal of Children’s Literature Studies, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, and Arthurian Literature. She co-founded the Oxford Children’s Literature and Youth Culture Colloquium, and is currently co-editing the collection Space and Place in Children’s Literature with Malini Roy. She is a 2006 American Rhodes Scholar. David Clark is a Lecturer in Old English at the University of Leicester. He is the author of Between Medieval Men : Male Friendship and Desire in Early Medieval English Literature (Oxford, 2009). He is currently working on a book on friendship in medieval literature, a col- laborative annotated translation of The Saga of Bishop Þorlákr, and co-editing a journal issue on Blood, Sex, and Malory. Catherine A.M. Clarke is lecturer in English and Associate Director of the Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Research at Swansea University. Her research centres on earlier medieval literature and culture, with particular attention to questions of place, power and identity and an emphasis on interdisciplinary approaches. Her publications include Literary ix Anglo-Saxon Culture.indb 9 29.6.2010 15:27

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