Anesthesia for Spine Surgery

475 Pages·2012·8.768 MB·English

by  Ehab Farag

Anesthesia for Spine Surgery

Anesthesia for Spine Surgery
Ehab Farag, M.D., F.R.C.A.
Staf Anesthesiologist, Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA
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© Cambridge University Press 2012
h is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
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permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2012
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Anesthesia for spine surgery / [edited by] Ehab Farag.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-107-00531-0 (hbk.)
I. Farag, Ehab.
[DNLM: 1. Spine–surgery. 2. Anesthesia–methods. 3. Postoperative Care. WE 725]
617.4′71–dc23 2012007357
ISBN 978-1-107-00531-0 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
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this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Every ef ort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information
which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case
histories are drawn from actual cases, every ef ort has been made to disguise the identities of the
individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that
the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards
are constantly changing through research and regulation. h e authors, editors, and publishers therefore
disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained
in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the
manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
To my wife, my daughters, and my mother for their incessant prayers,
help, and support and in memory of my late father
http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511793851
Contents
List of contributors ix
Foreword by Dr. Edward Benzel xiii
Foreword by Dr. David Brown x v
Preface xvii
Section 1 General considerations 8.4 An overview of minimally invasive spine
surgery 130
1 Preoperative assessment of the R . Douglas Orr
adult patient 1
8.5 Posterior lumbar interbody fusion 1 38
E lizabeth A. M. Frost
V irgilio Matheus and William Bingaman
2 F luid management 25
8.6 Minimally invasive procedures for
M aria Bauer, Andrea Kurz, and Ehab Farag
vertebral compression fractures 141
3 Blood conservation 43 J ason E. Pope and Nagy Mekhail
Robert Helfand
8.7 Endoscopic surgery for Chiari
4 Airway management in spine surgery 5 0 malformation type I 152
B asem Abdelmalak and D. John Doyle R odolfo Hakim and Xiao Di
5 Spine imaging 61 8.8 Posterior and anterior thoracic
D oksu Moon, Christian Koopman, and surgery 158
Ramez Malaty M atthew Grosso and Michael Steinmetz
6 Evoked potential monitoring 8 9 8.9 Surgery for intramedullary spinal cord
C hakorn Chansakul and Dileep R. Nair tumors 164
J ohn H. Shin and Edward C. Benzel
7 Pharmacology of adjunct anesthetic
drugs 106 8.10 Avoiding complications: surgeon’s point
J ohn E. Tetzlaf of view 1 71
M ichael Kelly and Richard Schlenk
9 Anesthesia for cervical spine surgery 1 78
Section 2 Spine surgery for adult
A laa A. Abd-Elsayed and Ehab Farag
patients
10 Anesthesia for thoracic spine surgery 1 88
Rai Avitsian
8 Surgical techniques 1 13
8.1 Anterior cervical surgery 1 13 11 Lung isolation during thoracic spine
I ain H. Kalfas surgery 204
G ordon Finlayson and Jay B. Brodsky
8.2 Posterior cervical surgery 118
K alil G. Abdullah, Jef rey 12 Anesthesia for lumbar spine surgery 2 16
G. Clark, Daniel Lubelski, and h omas M ariel R. Manlapaz, Ajit A. Krishnaney, and
E. Mroz Zeyd Ebrahim
8.3 Intraoperative neurophysiologic 13 Anesthetic management of spinal cord
monitoring: surgeon’s point of view 1 22 trauma 228 vii
M anuel Saavedra and Robert F. McLain B rian P. Lemkuil and Piyush M. Patel
Contents
14 Anesthesia for patients with spinal cord 21 Preoperative evaluation of the pediatric
tumors 247 patient 3 58
S tacie Deiner and Jef rey Silverstein S ara P. Lozano and Julie Niezgoda
22 Fluid management and monitoring of the
Section 3 Postoperative care of the pediatric patient 3 72
T unga Suresh, Patrick M. Callahan, and
adult patient
Peter J. Davis
15 Complications 257 23 Surgical techniques in the pediatric
15.1 Postoperative visual loss 257 patient 3 88
L orri A. Lee and Raghu Mudumbai 23.1 Scoliosis 388
D avid P. Gurd
15.2 Other complications 270
L orri A. Lee and Karen B. Domino 23.2 Tethered cord: surgical release 3 97
Mark Luciano
16 Postoperative care in the PACU 281
Maged Argalious 24 Spinal surgery for patients with congenital
heart disease and other associated
17 Postoperative care in the neuro-intensive
conditions 405
care unit 292
P atrick M. Callahan, Tunga Suresh, and
J ames K. C. Liu, Dani S. Bidros, and
Peter J. Davis
Edward M. Manno
25 Postoperative pain control in pediatric
18 Postoperative acute pain 302
patients 4 20
J uan P. Cata and Sherif Zaky
R ami Karroum, Loran Mounir Soliman, and
19 Postoperative chronic pain management 3 21 John Seif
D mitri Souzdalnitski and Jianguo Cheng
Section 4 Spine surgery for pediatric
Index 437
patients
20 Pathophysiology of the pediatric patient 3 47
S tephen J. Kimatian and Kenneth J. Saliba
viii
Contributors
Alaa A. Abd-Elsayed William Bingaman
Resident Physician, Department of Anesthesiology, Vice-Chairman, Neurological Institute, Department
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
OH, USA
Basem Abdelmalak
Jay B. Brodsky
Staf Anesthesiologist and Director, Anesthesia for
Bronchoscopic Surgery, Anesthesiology Institute, Professor, Department of Anesthesia,
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Stanford University School of Medicine,
Stanford, CA, USA
Kalil G. Abdullah
David Brown
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine,
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Chairman, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Maged Argalious
Patrick M. Callahan
Medical Director, PACU and Same Day Surgery;
Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, University
of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of
Cleveland, OH, USA Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Rai Avitsian
Juan P. Cata
Section Head, Neurosurgical Anesthesiology;
Program Director, Neuroanesthesia Fellowship; Instructor, Department of Anesthesiology
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Cleveland and perioperative Medicine, Division of
Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Anesthesiology Anesthesiology and Critical Care, h e University
and Neurological Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,
Cleveland, OH, USA TX, USA
Maria Bauer Chakorn Chansakul
Clinical Research Fellow, Department of Outcomes Clinical Neurophysiology Fellow, Epilepsy Center,
Research, Institute of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Cleveland Clinic Neurological Institute, Cleveland,
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA OH, USA
Edward C. Benzel Jianguo Cheng
Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Program Director of Pain Medicine Fellowship,
Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Departments of Pain Management and
OH, USA Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
OH, USA
Dani S. Bidros
Jef rey G. Clark
Cerebrovascular Center, Department of
Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine,
OH, USA Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
ix
List of contributors
Peter J. Davis Rodolfo Hakim
P rofessor of Anesthesiology and Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric and Congenital Neurosurgery,
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic,
Anesthesiologist-in-Chief, Department of Cleveland, OH, USA
Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh,
Robert Helfand
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Staf Anesthesiologist, Anesthesiology Institute,
Stacie Deiner Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Assistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery,
Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, Mount Sinai School of Iain H. Kalfas
Medicine, New York, NY, USA Surgeon, Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic,
Cleveland, OH, USA
Xiao Di
Section of Pediatric and Congenital Neurosurgery, Rami Karroum
Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Associate Staf Member, Department of Pediatric
Cleveland, OH, USA Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
OH, USA
Karen B. Domino
Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Michael Kelly
Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Spine
WA, USA Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
D. John Doyle Stephen J. Kimatian
Staf Anesthesiologist, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Chair, Pediatric Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital,
OH, USA Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Zeyd Ebrahim Christian Koopman
Vice-Chair for Operating Af airs, Department of Neuroradiology Fellow, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland,
General Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
OH, USA
Ajit A. Krishnaney
Ehab Farag
Associate Staf Physician, Center for Spine Health;
Staf Anesthesiologist, Departments of General Associate Staf Physician, Neurological Surgery;
Anesthesia and Outcomes Research, Cleveland Associate Staf Physician, Cerebrovascular Center,
Clinic, OH, USA Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Gordon Finlayson Andrea Kurz
Clinical Instructor, Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Outcomes Research, Institute of
Pharmacology, and h erapeutics, Division of Critical Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH,
Care Medicine, University of British Columbia, USA
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Lorri A. Lee
Elizabeth A. M. Frost Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesiology
Professor of Anesthesia, Mount Sinai Medical Center, and Pain Medicine, University of Washington,
New York, NY, USA Seattle, WA, USA
Matthew Grosso Brian P. Lemkuil
Center for Spine Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Anesthesia,
OH, USA University of California San Diego, CA, USA
David P. Gurd James K. C. Liu
x Staf Physician, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland
Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA