Andreoli and Carpenter's Cecil Essentials of Medicine

2015·62.99 MB·English

by  Ivor Benjamin

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ANDREOLI AND CARPENTER’S
CECIL ESSENTIALS
OF MEDICINE
9TH EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
ANDREOLI AND CARPENTER’S
CECIL ESSENTIALS
OF MEDICINE
9TH EDITION
Editor-in-Chief
Ivor J. Benjamin, MD, FACC, FAHA
Professor of Medicine, Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cell Biology, and
Surgery
Director, Cardiovascular Center
Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Vice Chair, Translational Research, Department of Medicine
Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Editors
Robert C. Griggs, MD, FACP, FAAN
Professor of Neurology, Pediatrics, Pathology, and Laboratory Medicine
Center for Human Experimental Therapeutics
University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry
Rochester, New York
Edward J. Wing, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Professor of Medicine
The Warren Alpert Medical School
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
J. Gregory Fitz, MD
Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost
Dean, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
ANDREOLI & CARPENTER’S CECIL ESSENTIALS OF MEDICINE ISBN: 978-1-4377-1899-7
INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-29617-5
Copyright © 2016 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Andreoli and Carpenter’s Cecil essentials of medicine / editor-in-chief,
Ivor J. Benjamin, editors, Robert C. Griggs, Edward J. Wing,
J. Gregory Fitz.—9th edition.
p. ; cm.
Cecil essentials of medicine
Essentials of medicine
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4377-1899-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
I. Title Benjamin, Ivor J., editor. II. Griggs, Robert C., 1939- , editor. III. Wing, Edward J., editor.
IV. Fitz, J. Gregory, editor. V. Title: Cecil essentials of medicine. VI. Title: Essentials of medicine.
[DNLM: 1. Internal Medicine. WB 115]
RC46
616–dc23
2014049765
Senior Content Strategist: James Merritt
Content Development Manager: Taylor Ball
Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian
Project Manager: Amanda Mincher
Design Specialist: Paula Catalano
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Lloyd Hollingsworth (Holly) Smith, Jr., MD Fred Plum, MD (Deceased)
This ninth edition of Andreoli and Carpenter’s Cecil Essentials of Medicine had as its progenitor
Cecil Essentials of Medicine. The idea for Essentials was originally conceived in the mid-1980s by
Holly Smith and by Fred Plum. At the time, Charles C.J. (Chuck) Carpenter and I were Consulting
Editors for The Cecil Textbook of Medicine for Infectious Diseases and Nephrology, respectively.
Holly and Fred entrained the two of us into participating in a new venture that, happily, has become a
successful force in Internal Medicine. The entire idea was to make Internal Medicine accessible in a
compact but critical format to medical students, residents, and other practitioners of medicine. It is a
privilege to pay tribute to Holly and Fred by dedicating this ninth edition of Essentials to them.
Lloyd H. Smith, Jr., MD
Dr. Smith, universally known as Holly Smith, is one of the true giants of academic medicine. A
thoroughly engaging and courtly Southern gentleman, Holly was educated at Washington and Lee
University, where he received a bachelor’s degree, summa cum laude, in 1944. He then went north to
Harvard Medical School where, in 1948, he received his MD, magna cum laude.
Following his residency in internal medicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Holly joined the
Army Medical Corps where he provided, among other clinical activities, early dialysis in soldiers
afflicted with epidemic hemorrhagic fever in the Korean Conflict. Investigatively, Holly’s work was an
exemplar for the early beginnings of molecular biology. In particular, he found that there was a double
enzyme defect in a rare genetic disorder, orotic aciduria. Subsequently, working with Hibbard
Williams, he discovered the enzyme defects of two distinct forms of primary hyperoxaluria.
One can see from the above narrative that Holly excelled in clinical medicine and in research. But
perhaps his most powerful impact on internal medicine was his acceptance of the position as chair of
internal medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, which he held from 1964 through
1985. He is now a professor of medicine and associate dean emeritus at UCSF. Holly’s contribution as
chair of internal medicine at UCSF was, in a word, dazzling. He developed a faculty that is peerless
among departments of internal medicine in the United States. Following his tenure as chair of internal
medicine at UCSF, Holly became associate dean, a position he held between 1985 and 2000, where
his exceptional administrative talents provided a major impetus to the further expansion of UCSF.
For his contributions, Holly has been recognized as the president of virtually all the major
societies in internal medicine, including the American Society for Clinical Investigation (1969),
the Association of American Physicians (1975), and the Association of Professors of Medicine
(1978). He has received the George M. Kober Medal from the Association of American Physicians,
as well as membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of
Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
Fred Plum, MD (Deceased)
Fred Plum, attending neurologist at New York Presbyterian Hospital and university professor at Weill
Medical College of Cornell University, was, together with Holly Smith, one of the two progenitors of
Essentials. Fred was a truly remarkable individual who had an exceptional mastery of the neurologic
sciences, both basic and clinical. One could hardly imagine two more different personalities than Holly
and Fred. As I mentioned above, Holly is a classic Southern gentleman. Fred was born and raised in
Atlantic City, New Jersey, and carried with him the charming but demanding characteristics of a
resident of that city.
Fred trained in medicine and neurology at New York Hospital and at the neurologic division of
Bellevue Hospital. Subsequently, he became an instructor in medicine at Cornell University Medical
College, then an assistant professor, associate professor, and professor of medicine (neurology) at the
University of Washington School of Medicine, all between 1953 and 1963. In 1963, Fred became the
Anne Parrish Titzell Professor and Chair of the Department of Neurology at Cornell University
Medical College, a position he held for 31 years. After stepping down as chairman of neurology, he
was recognized for his remarkable accomplishments by having been made a university professor at
Weill Medical College of Cornell University in 1998.
Fred was a member of virtually all distinguished societies in internal medicine and in neurology. He held
honorary doctorates from at least two medical schools, including the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
Fred was not only a spectacular clinician but an extraordinary teacher. His textbook, Diagnosis of
Stupor and Coma, written together with J.B. Posner, is one of the classics of its field.
Fred, like Holly, recognized in the mid-1980s the need for providing a textbook which was sufficiently
concise yet comprehensive to be usable by students, house staff, young physicians, and physicians outside
his own discipline of neurology. I remember particularly well the editorial meetings in the early years of
Essentials, involving Fred, Holly Smith, Chuck Carpenter, and myself. Fred’s exceptional analytic
reasoning, coupled with remarkable flexibility, was clearly a tutorial in how one deals with a pleomorphic
group such as the four editors: flexibility on the one hand and an insistence on excellence on the other.
Holly and Fred were the two prime movers in the development of what was originally Cecil
Essentials of Medicine and is now titled Andreoli and Carpenter’s Cecil Essentials of Medicine.
Medical students, residents in internal medicine, young physicians, and others interested in internal
medicine owe a great deal to Holly and Fred for their vision in generating the notion of Essentials.
And the other editors of Essentials owe Holly and Fred a great debt for tutoring us in
how one assembles a textbook of internal medicine.
Thomas E. Andreoli, MD (Deceased)
Ivor J. Benjamin, MD, FACC, FAHA
Editors-in-Chief
ESSENTIALS
Contributors
I  Introduction to Molecular Medicine Panayotis Fasseas, MD, FACC
Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Ivor J. Benjamin, MD, FACC, FAHA
Professor of Medicine, Physiology, Pharmacology and
Nunzio A. Gaglianello, MD
Toxicology, Cell Biology, and Surgery, Director,
Assistant Professor, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Cardiovascular Center, Chief, Division of Cardiovascular
Medical Director, Advanced Heart Failure and Mechanical
Medicine, Vice Chair, Translational Research, Department of
Circulatory Support, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
Milwauke, Wisconsin
Wisconsin
James Kleczka, MD
II  Cardiovascular Disease Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical College
of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Contributors
Nicole L. Lohr, MD, PhD
Mohamed F. Algahim, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Resident, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Robert B. Love, MD, FACS, FRCS
Ivor J. Benjamin, MD, FACC, FAHA
Professor, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical College of
Professor of Medicine, Physiology, Pharmacology and
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Toxicology, Cell Biology, and Surgery, Director,
Cardiovascular Center, Chief, Division of Cardiovascular
Claudius Mahr, DO
Medicine, Vice Chair, Translational Research, Department of
Advanced Heart Failure and Transplant Cardiology, Director,
Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
Clinical Integration, UW Regional Heart Center; Medical
Wisconsin
Director, Mechanical Circulatory Support Program,
University of Washington Medical Center; Associate
Marcie G. Berger, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine and Cardiac Surgery,
Associate Professor, Director of Electrophysiology, Department
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin
James A. Roth, MD
Associate Professor, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,
Michael P. Cinquegrani, MD
Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Director, Heart and Vascular Service Line, Cardiovascular
Medicine, Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin,
Jason C. Rubenstein, MD, FACC
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical College
of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Scott Cohen, MD
Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program (WAtCH),
Jennifer L. Strande, MD, PhD
Adult Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric Cardiology,
Cardiovascular Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin,
Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Michael G. Earing, MD
Ronald G. Victor, MD
Director, Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart Disease Program
Burns and Allen Professor of Medicine, Director, Hypertension
(WAtCH), Adult Cardiovascular Medicine and Pediatric
Center, Associate Director, The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Cardiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
Wisconsin
vii
viii  Contributors
ESSENTIALS ESSENTIALS
Wanpen Vongpatanasin, MD Narendran Selvakumar, BSc, MBBCh
Norman and Audrey Kaplan Professor of Medicine, University University of Limerick, Limerick City, Ireland
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
Jigme M. Sethi, MD, FCCP
Timothy D. Woods, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and
Internal Medicine–Cardiology, University of Tennessee Health Critical Care Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown
Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee University, Providence, Rhode Island; Memorial Hospital of
Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island
III  Pulmonary and Critical 
Care Medicine IV  Preoperative and Postoperative Care
Contributors Contributors
Jason M. Aliotta, MD Kim A. Eagle, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Albion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal Medicine, Chief,
Brown University; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Clinical Cardiovascular Medicine, Director, Cardiovascular
Sleep Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Island Michigan
Rizwan Aziz, MBBS, MRCP UK, MRCPE Prashant Vaishnava, MD
Respiratory Registrar, University Hospital Limerick, Clinical Lecturer in Medicine–Cardiology, University of
Dooradoyle, Limerick, Ireland Michigan Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
Brian Casserly, MD
V  Renal Disease
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
Lead Author
Lauren M. Catalano, MD Biff F. Palmer, MD
Fellow, Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Alpert Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of
Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
Island
Contributors
Eric J. Gartman, MD Rajiv Agarwal, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Indiana University School of Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush
Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Memorial Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis,
Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island Indiana
Matthew D. Jankowich, MD Jeffrey S. Berns, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, Renal, Electrolyte, and
Brown University; Staff Physician, Pulmonary and Critical Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine,
Care Medicine, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Kerri L. Cavanaugh, MD, MHS
F. Dennis McCool, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology,
Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University,
An De Vriese, MD, PhD
Providence, Rhode Island; Memorial Hospital of Rhode
Island, Pawtucket, Rhode Island Division of Nephrology, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Hospital, Bruges,
Belgium
Sharon Rounds, MD
Fernando C. Fervenza, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown
University; Chief, Medical Service, Providence VA Medical Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and
Center, Providence, Rhode Island Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota