Andalucía e Sicilia

252 Pages·2012·4.96 MB·Italian

Corso di Laurea
in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate

Prova finale di Laurea

Andalucía e Sicilia:
due regioni mediterranee
a confronto

Relatore
Prof. Antonio Trampus
Correlatore:
Prof. Joaquín Piñeiro Blanca

Laureando
Elena Rossi
Matricola 831506

Anno Accademico
2011 / 2012

"... Tutte queste Città sanno che le tante cose che le dividono,
storia, religione, cultura fanno parte comunque di
un sistema unitario, di migrazioni, conflitti ed intrecci
etnico culturali che fanno del Mediterraneo una unità
nella sua grande complessità ..."
N. Casamento

Indice

Abstract I

Introduzione 1

Capitolo I
STORIA DELLA SICILIA 5

1.1 Origine del nome Sicilia 6
1.2 La storia antica: da terra di colonizzazione e centro di scambi politici,
economici e culturali a regione periferica del Sacro Romano Impero 8
1.3 Dalla manifestazione d’indipendenza dei Vespri al nuovo feudalesimo
Aragonese 12
1.4 Le rivolte popolari e baronali del Seicento e la fine dell’accentrata
dominazione spagnola 18
1.5 La parentesi dei Savoia ed il ritorno degli Asburgo:
la radicale ristrutturazione dell’Isola ed il graduale sviluppo di una
coscienza nazionale 19
1.6 Dalla minaccia napoleonica alla trasformazione in avamposto militare
inglese all’interno del Mediterraneo 22
1.7 Dalle risorgimentali speranze di miglioramento alla delusione di un nuovo
governo centralizzato 27
1.8 La ribellione dei Fasci dei lavoratori ed il primo esperimento di parziale
autonomia per l’Isola 30
1.9 Dalla nascita dell’ “ideologia sicilianista” alle spinte innovative della
Prima Guerra Mondiale 35
1.10 La condizione di negligenza in merito alle sorti dell’Isola durante il Fascismo 40
1.11 La Sicilia al centro del Secondo Conflitto Mondiale: l’ennesimo assoggettamento
straniero ed i primi chiari accenni del separatismo 42
1.12 Il difficile ritorno passaggio dell’amministrazione alleata a quella italiana 49
1.13 Il processo di decentramento regionale del nuovo Stato Italiano:
dalle rivendicazioni del MIS alla concessione dello Statuto Speciale 56
1.14 Le aspettative del nuovo assetto istituzionale, la delusione e la base dei problemi
che ancora oggi affliggono la Sicilia 61

Capitolo II
STORIA DELL’ANDALUCÍA 67

2.1 Origine del nome Andalucía 68
2.2 L’Andalucía dall’antichità al Medioevo: una terra di colonizzazione 70
2.3 Da roccaforte dell’Islam a punto nevralgico del commercio con il Nuovo Mondo 73
2.4 Dal trionfo del liberalismo al ritorno all’assolutismo:
l’esperimento de las Cortes di Cádiz ed il regno di Ferdinando VII 79
2.5 Dalle riforme di Isabella II all’esperienza rivoluzionaria de “La Gloriosa” 82
2.6 Dal ritorno del conservatorismo all’emergere delle prime tendenze
regionalistiche 92
2.7 Dalla profonda crisi economica d’inizio Secolo all’auge dell’andalucismo:
la lotta per l’autonomia 96
2.8 Il coinvolgimento nella Guerra civile, la repressione nazionalista e l’epoca di Franco;
perifericità e dipendenza dell’Andalucía 104
2.9 Dalla transizione al conseguimento della piena autonomia regionale 107
2.10 L’Andalucía contemporanea: la guida del PESOE e le nuove sfide del futuro 112

Capitolo III
CONFRONTO TRA I DUE SUD 117

3.1 La Mediterraneità 118
3.2 Il rapporto tra l’Andalucía e Marocco ed il problema dell’immigrazione 124
3.3 L’insularità della Sicilia e la questione dell’immigrazione 127
3.4 Economie a confronto 130
3.4.1 Due realtà diverse a confronto: la Sicilia Orientale e la Sicilia Occidentale 131
3.4.2 Teorie ed analisi circa l’origine del sottosviluppo economico siciliano 132
3.4.3 Evoluzione del settore primario nel corso della storia della Sicilia 135
3.4.4 Il faticoso sviluppo del settore secondario 140
3.4.5 Breve accenno alla disparità esistente tra il Nord ed il Sud della Penisola 146
3.5 Analisi dell’economia andalusa e cause dell’attuale stato di sottosviluppo 149
3.5.1 Andalucía la Alta e Andalucía la Baja 149
3.5.2 All’origine dell’attuale sottosviluppo economico dell’Andalucía:
un’analisi storico-politica 151
3.5.3 Evoluzione del settore primario andaluso 158
3.5.4 Cause dell’attuale arretratezza del settore secondario andaluso 164
3.5.5 Confronto tra due regioni spagnole economicamente molto divere fra loro:
Andalucía e Catalunya 175
3.6 Contrasto fra Sicilia ed Andalucía 180
3.6.1 Il separatismo siciliano 181
3.6.2 L’Andalucía e la rinuncia alla propria identità regionale 191

Conclusioni 210

Bibliografia 217

Risorse Web 225

Abstract

Sicily and Andalucía are two Mediterranean regions that represent respectively the
South of Italy and Spain. They are two areas that share many aspects, but they also differ
under many points of view.
In the past both territories were crossroads of many different cultures, a sort of meeting
point where several cultural exchanges took place. As far as Sicily is concerned, it passed
from the domination of “Sicani” and “Siculi” people, to the Greek one during which the
Hellenes founded a great number of cities and they contributed to change Sicily’s
identity from a political, cultural and social point of view. Indeed the relationship
between the Greek and the islanders were pretty fair also because the culture and the
political system imposed provided benefits to everybody and they brought new
technologies which began to change the Sicilian outlook.
After the Island were conquered by the Romans in 241 BCE and it became part of their
Empire until 476 CE. During this period Sicily was a sort of rural backwater, relevant
mainly for its grain fields (it was known as the Roman’s granary).
Following the collapse of the Romans’ hegemony, Sicily underwent different invasion of
Germanic tribes; it was above all a period of oppression and it was followed by the Arab
invasion in 827. The new rulers promoted some wise land reforms that resulted in an
increase of productivity and favored the creation of small pots, forcing the big
landowners to a setback. Moreover the Arab improved the irrigation system and they
introduced a lot of new crop, such as that of lemons, oranges or sugarcane. In addition
this civilization also permitted Sicily to be involved in a big maritime network, turning
into the key point of the Mediterranean exchanges.
After the fall of the Islamic Empire, the region passes under the Normans control (1060).
This era, above all under the reign of Federico II, was a golden one: the island was
prosperous and politically powerful and these conditions allowed it to become wealthier
I
than many other countries in Europe, exceeding also England that was one of the leading
states at that time.
In 1266 Sicily passed under the control of the Angioini, French regnant that burden the
population with an harsh fiscal implementation. Sicilian people felt so oppressed that
burst in violence: it was the war of the Sicilian Vespers in which also the Aragon dynasty
took part, even to no avail. As a matter of fact, these Spanish regnant only helped the
birth of a separatist movement that was able to establish, even for a short period, an
autonomous kingdom of Sicily. The riot ended in 1302 with the peace of Caltabellotta.
With two king both challenging in order to become king of the region, Sicily separate
kingdom was identified as Trinacria Kingdom.
During the 14th Century the island was ruled by relatives of the kings of Aragon, even if it
kept a large autonomy. It is important to underline that in this period in Sicily there was
an actual Parliament that functioned with wide power and responsibilities.
It is worth to add that in those years a sense of Sicilian people and nation emerged, that
means that it was no longer perceived the division between Greek, Latin, Byzantine and
Arab people and the base of a multicultural society was founded.
In 1479, because of the union of the crowns of Castilla and Aragon under one monarch,
the island was directly ruled by the king of Spain. In practice there were some viceroy
and governors, that represented the king, who had to try to overcame the distance
between Sicily and Madrid. It was not an easy task and the overwhelming majority of
times they were able nor to comply with the demand of the crown, nor to satisfy the
aspiration of the population.
In the 16th Century the region went through a very positive period thanks to an increase
of the crop exports and a growth of the population; as a consequence there were many
social and economic changes. In the following century the island registered an increase
in the silk production that reached more or less the crop’s one. Unfortunately Sicily in
this period had to face a ferocious outbreak of plague, as well as it had to suffer a
damaging earthquake that destroyed great part of the east side of the island in 1693.
From 1713 to 1720 the region was ruled by the Savoy crown and after the Aragon gave
way to the union between Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples governed by the Bourbons
(1734).
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