Ancient tradition and early Greek history : the origins of states in early-archaic Sparta, Argos and Corinth

422 Pages·2003·5.61 MB·English

by  Mait Kõiv

Mait Koiv

Ancient Tradition and Early Greek History
The Origins of States in Early-Archaic Sparta,
Argos and Corinth

Tain 2003
Table of Contents

m

“Table of Contents
Acknowledgements :

ltodvcion

IC The Eig Century BC.

2. The Ancient Trion and WeCoties | 1s bss

5. The Case of Argos, Sparta and Corinth
44 The Nature ofthe Evidence
5. OnjecrofthisStady
‘The Summary ofthe Evidence fom the Literary Soutcer andthe
Acchasobgieal Record
1. Ancient accounts
Archaeological Evidence
BL Aap an
2a. Cota
23, Leona
EA Gracasion
Spetin Conquer
Two ancient Viewsof the Conquest af Laconia.
‘Chat avd he Tegan Wars,
‘The Conquest of Amphatand Hos
an the Bagration the eggs nds
4 The Conguest of Mesceiaand he Enigation ta Hal

40 Theomuder of Tels nthe sancsay of Aen mata the

Ieandstin of Regn a
4S Conclusion :
‘Candee Rage
51 Space andthe Aap deseuction affine
2 Theenatic nTime
6. Bary Spartan Conguess: Tradition and Bisory
Confirmation of Hegemony: Laconiau Legendry Geneaic
‘The Orilas of Spartan Isttuions. Cykourgan Legation’
|. ‘The Origine of the Perot and Helos
2 "Lykouegor Legian

LEE The ates togephyof Like

2.2. Avamgin Spr before ykourgantegsiatoa)

2.3. Suc educalonand tnd eae

2.5. The trades about Theoponiper an Palas

There tthe Rhett hr: te met land

2. Lykergs, the Reta and the Origin of the Spartan State
YE Anclent Accountsof the Barly Histor? of Argos and Cari 26
laters 26

2 Gain oe
IE Pheldon pe
Ie The Account ofthe Ancients De

2 Dating and Chronalogial Cunt 28
21 Cheol impair of Hesse sate 25°

5.2. Paeidensepnption wah the Macedon erm: eyahiisn it
theron pn

15 Theditem Fasano ie sychionons was base on + 264

2. The rears foreseen phe dating en

3. Pheadon, Akcion ard the Sores olde Corinthian akchind 37%

4 Weights and Measures, Colaye, and Oblak, 2at

5 Cantlacon 2s
VET The Formation of acpi Hegemoay in Atel 208
1 Argosandte Towns othe argive Pai pe

2, Igarand North-Eastern Peloponnese The Cll pai thisus | 204

5. The Formaon of hirgive Heroic Genelogies no
3.2 Poze and nectar as

5.3. Prat, Mdsinpown aed Rees he Thebans ae

35 me Pee Heated return he Henle me

AS Canc we

44 Hero Tradton and tie Formation of Agave Hegemony 2

1X State Formation in the Bighth-Century Corinthie and Argoli, . 338
1 Corn 33

2 Pheidon th Formation of Sarchood i te Argolidandie eagle oe
Prinaey m Ojmpia a

X Conclusion: Ancint Teediton andthe Formation of the Peloponnesian
Stet 34
Appendix: Epborot’ Genealogicl Chronology. ca
Map L- Peloponnese 2
‘Map Argive Phin ands Vicilty om
Abbresinons : a5
General and Source Ean xs
Periodical 376
biography wa
[Nate and Subject an
I Introduction

111. The Eighth Century BC!

‘The siguticance ofthe eighth century forthe fersion of Gre: ciistion and
latshaod har been 2 subjea of eonnant dteuzion in even decades haz been
“onaidered to be terial period in eatiy Greek hi) ~sivoa the momenta
hich Greece r-emerged afer ihe calla ofthe Bronze Age Aegean ciisation
inthe tei century and viewed atime when he developments a he pe
ceding ceotuescomblned to pradace am effect egal 1, oF af las spprosching,
1 stevtualeevlution in sacety. Remarkable gravth of the sumber of burials
tevotded eam the ate nh century anvaeds,pareclal rom stound the mis-
‘le ad in the second hal ofthe eighth century, cbvis signs af the display of
all and sists in several beter -quippe rave the row of dedatons at
the cal sites and she balling af the Bet temples the appearance of rien ems
and mittions ofthe among grve goods and dedications lesufeng the rented
onlaete with the Letant a well 3 the dese afr the status BY demoastat-
ing ace eocxo6 and precious abet; the gradual emergence of mote complex
satlement: ad the funtion of Gres cetlement in Waly and Silly = al there
letras sem to indies poet of wesith and cen eit int wa? The te

sured burials andthe traces of worship the Bronte Age grates fro the wid

‘Sahih century onvard suggest an aterpt to establish coal, contacts th
rupposed ancestors and thus probably the rise finer in the supposed events
the remote pt!» phenomion pacallted in the appescance niga settet
fn Geornetee pots At the endothe centory,o sigh ele, some dite tn

"al deo BG rk ere se

Re seta ofthe Gar once eg ena» Cada 19%, 10,
tga.
Che nape he hth xuy se pei Star 86, 1-20; Cobban
TSP 08» So Moray 1505 adr 90, 18 ligne 18 Sle 3S
Berne nea 1m Whey 0, 8 10,9 [3b One sce asa Sa
Toe, ements Com 197 3B» Se; Mert 3, 37 =a Set
easy on OA Seren We 201189 = 19 om Ace: Whey 94 577,13
pegs We (ob 40-55 Gr Mr arian 0 on Cort Boe
geo, Wom: 9) a Sanne 88, 38 Aon Sg: ae ECan Hog 98
‘Oe he comb ad ence (een made by Anos 109195, pel 1
ser Cede 1976 Sade C3840" OSE Meets OR Whaley WBE

"See Calaneam 97%, 361-357 Har 195 18 « 12 This point ped on wei
ished oie these at eproenaie fhe ip nent Schae
‘sic 5n 8 rk footer 1,14, Cdeeum (a3 HS on wo can
” Anat Trai an Early Grd istry

Gesce wineased 2 rnther sudden dsappesance of thes richly furnished graves,
thus unifying moruary evidence. snd simaltneauly on scelersting growth of
dedications inthe sanctuaries uggesting thet che display of wealth shied from
the private seting ofthe Fasess the more communal context af eal TAs
pointe loa eectain change af aeudes i the saci, which could be wewed ae
Ironing thereof 2 <ommunal mental instead ofthe prety dominant
private competition, and thus be coupled wi he siukunerus emergence ofthe
nctunis and temples which alo presumably reed fom communal fer
"Phe amount and the precie walure ofthe honge are domed nat ea,

‘There ate proponents of @ relatively gradual development of early Greece who
toms the Dirk Age soceu te hove Cen» comparatively comples one and
thas lay down the sgufcance ofthe eighth ceneuy Changes. eer tere bas
been tendeny t ates the begining of the changes sed in the ninth cene
{ury- ase making the devclapment hich flowed les adel and more pred
sbHe” And even shows who Goin? oot the eral character ofthe eighth centy
have interpreted the changes srneuhat ifeeniy arn one another. The pr
Ally competing conceptions of A. Snodgrass. F. Palgnas and | Morris to reall
here the perp mon inet 4nd widely scussed cuteal opivons, ste
rnple of thi The rise inthe nue of Boras har been consider fe he
Iasuitofademograhic explosion and the fort of he city sate reed ea
allem (> manage the effects of growing paplation {so Snodgras}* aera
rely de ape dts hasbeen natpeled a 4 igh ofthe admison of common
people tm tonnal burs fom which they had been excluded eal. idcaling
{hot the ite as lasing ts pos ta He ring lotr sou ata, which edo
the formation of socially more egaltavan communities (Morcis)* Fell, the
pi atten ay al been pled on the re of major sanetuarir and thet top
raphy, viewing thon ar aiculating the hegertonc and territorial clams of the
“embryonic snes (Ptiguse) But despite thee difrences in inerpreation the

Sdn 18:10, hope Shar ward au te ition a sane
Ae in ei Grek ve pcg nae meet hehe For)

“The uta Haren rent ered ary Ma Ete 85,
Tan ie, fh Ia ua” 10” aan Mr esl 9819 fs coed
a ge tn abn 9d comper ne nereng hei ce
‘lurlogel oa waenongaeezacurng of gta th marten
‘tle HK 3 fer he emergnce of arabs ce in bens o the i ema
eas Oahu 4 pce ei cine ean
‘ame peace nb han he th cnr

Sindjon 08

at 12) SE, 49.9996 17L—210 491 A
Prgms (41-9? Thr opacity kepada ats
Cea gel onion Be Spa,
1 totucion a”

importance ofthe eghth century forthe emergence (or eater reemergence of
‘Gres elation i ually nol doubled

"Ths archaeological endence has equ ben combyne with the dat tom,
the poet parueulriy te Homeric lind and Oxjeey and Hesodie Werks ond
Bap. Tadel, the compostion ofthe poem i meal date fo the ae rghih ar
aly exventh century and they ae usally considred to be elativa thal
Sepicons of socetf contemporary wih the poets ot sgh eae 1 ei
toue they could provide good and eats evidence for the reais of the up
posed ped of ere veil changes" The acstoratcseity and compete
renter ochich tppers in he poem could resuonaby be cannected eh the
archasologicalyvnibledlipayof west inthe alileburiats and emerging nce
aries" while depictions of xe onjpriaed corimusiy inthe poate oad the tes
fon mil ptice which clearer n Hesiod than in Homer, coud el be ewe
4 rfectng the sf lords more comma ite the end of he ehh
‘eazy eeable rom the erchaealgial cod.”

‘So the stchazlogrl and leery etdence ace of together wa, roduc
Jing picture ofthe Greek city stat forening at ofthe accelerated developmen of
se competitive society af the winth and eight entaces™ Thin proves has ether

The cihh cy tng haben rl ne ut mo vigour by ako 92,208
DL Hingato agus Meri 8 1-9 ir anpemer Le 196 8 =
58. The sere etary tig sage by Bart 19 Van Weer LR 194
"i ag Wea toot Dare 56-6 ong HO, 9. ate sone
eer 98,38 Mooi, Dean 1, ith soe coer ae Van ees
feos epely 3
at be cratic 83 Sear 194.1 = 1 and Oot 986 aes
sie cu ye acny het Se ahi ed hd nd sy ret
‘ie entry at areal so 8D Cee I, a
Hew ner" as tent 986 91-94 Rae P45 Roe 99%. Moms nd Co
apna tae
nog renee a ie ae
Syma Toe fem eon stow wher escaped nthe ee
‘Poaktteuneracod ta id pede the raion he gas ts Frey 48
Ni sar 877 20-8 May OH = Ger oe Bal 19 St
Fades 56, Conon LU 191 Wanes T8828 ~ tk wc cave mi
Fd ttt sig sir red than he tine shan the sso come
‘edie tpl eigen tp eo Lc ITE, Mae
193, 5 Cache 4: Sel 9H, Yon Wes 9 255 a 185 86
x Osome 195 918 15
‘nthe plc ny al comma in the Harrie mph ae Le 157 Mop
[ean ty 137 Sey 988 O61; Rasane 8, “3
«The dig ely othe cul penal frp emgnce Yap sagen ae by
“ener 8i7sSeae Moe D007, 39.93 Se A 8, = Se
{sor Rofo 193 77 Wha 204, AS 194 hea ingore gaa
been nerpeted athe formation of alia arcraies in place of the previ
‘tity dominating psy chiefs wh appen inthe epee the ruling dae”,
tome Neel, 2 the emerge of the vorpmoners fom te vate of ps
btesson a political insigaitconce In which thew hed existed during the prec
ing cemuries of aristcralic domination." Imai css the decisive phase of the
locas has often, though not imeraly, been pred cleat le the end a the p=
Fd othe second hall ofthe cghth century This elatielyshor period has as
merged 3¢» point which inated the formation ofthe =dil and pict eels:
Hons that lanted theses of the subsequent Aechile ea

1 2. The Ancient Tradition and Its Crities

‘Thictzemalon af he restnergence of Grete sriition afd the possible (om
tian of sorehead at ee end af the Dar Age andthe beginning ofthe Archaic er
‘usually bus on ¢wo Gaie groupe of source the evidence (rom archaology
ud cir Croc poaty But ther same mare poasbleyoup of sources tht bas
hot been paid toch auention in recent years the accounts ofthe ler ancien
Ihmterane about he ey iter of Graven dtd, these aecour So
net contain auphing explicily about state formation in the ight century. The
‘Geeks the Claes period and theese bleed ha the orgie of their

sae apt Irom the eshoiesostade the Angra mot be sought in much eater
lanes ~ in the Herne Age os tine of collose caused bythe aston af Dr

Ses Feral on the eel and eet cenrarY according Ys the ancient
"hronolgye” Rt there os some pose data al the eva oe wn of
‘ne rk ge andthe early Arche era" There ithe sores about the <i-
5s hich eo the emigraon ad the foundation of th colonies! he Udon

‘te 17%: Que 1 Ragin 1982 358370; Wee 19 36 ~ 2,199 48° —

+ Mortis (ze note 5) Fot recent dzcission ofthe development edng co the pois fems>
tan on cet Cee ssa Rando | Pane I Be OT: Ung

‘Ome nhc git he Cre teen ee So 80. Thee kn cic
fn Theeue en fan Tl 5- 1 a beans of Abe
Sse fe Reser 998 son 4150 Be ppd een Bees
Sr he Spars rate snd Covet sy Horde blo Chapel

“cnt ainthe sae Ms te aati kes en inp ba ape
{tee epee ec te ate hee he non om ie
‘hn cman Ihe eston sf he hon Higpomere ease a he ad bled ls
ghee fest ae tes Cam SC ET
1 ation B

about the gent war between Challis and Eres and several stores abou con
Tics and uphewvals in Asia Minor and the adjacent islands, which cannot be
sted with ony etactiade, bat could everthlee be Wnlatively assigned to the
fart Arca period!" There ye als tone account feral events in the ealy
Feloponneran hitory which wl form the ain aubect of he presen stay.

‘This data (om the ane weer san exensiely wd and rele on 2¢ he
sole cvdence in he symthete studies of he ninetenth century.” Bat singe thet
bt Fon inthe ever of the moderns, mow ofits capa Yo convey Witonesly
fell information

lly, detailed souece-ericien revesed tha the Catia and postClatseal
suhers whose wots give us the picture of ety Gear history di not poses
<camentey account contemparscy to the events Thal they decribed $0 the
‘son ofthe pst which emerges fom thelr works cameo Be viewed mor lst
362 secondary construction, based 09 erally preserved stoves combined. with
‘tha col Bove been gathered fom Archaxc poetry and he sper Smerions!
feeerce’ The sputceriscsm tied to distinguish the original tradlonal core
ftom the mostly fourth century an ler scholarly combinations and politcal
sotned or shetorclerbellshmens Semetimes the gio and wncoaii-
‘ated tradsion hab been belcwed to be found in Herodotes, whose Hitriat
merged thos 96 an etample of the cepresenation of comparatively credible
‘rllyhased acounts of the Archaic pared Since Herodotes’contnsous 2c
{oant ofthe hore: betten the Grecke and the Asa ruler bine wth de
setof Gypes, dated aecarding tothe Ansa eet tothe second share of the

The 195.3, HAL V9. Sa A ll Moc 13 Te 6b, Sepa Foret
{OV ake 9% Aditya ce ep ey tae aa
‘ing tte ate cighh aay main peti se ananblom
‘Theses soo the end of he ale he isan Neda (Ne, Dar FH 90 F
eon sou the mtr of forme Knopen eh finn Nena each
Sra chen V9) shot purer Chan beer Hippie tie et
‘ar eteen har ond Eyl fPhe Mor 2440 25) and ho the ted elon wat
(Wine tH 3-8. Ona ester ary 14h 17 =y)ery 978A ong
tier ham he ee hte eh engl by Drs, 15 28
re expely Hale v7 = 3 eb ab, Boner ts Car, 0
‘he 069130 chr 19a Bl
She sep speech appa cel) on eI Stes fe ner cen
(ete wots of Maa 082 on he fee eons end
Taps L196 1,339 ae ores rer Cre story ate he
‘theoreti def heer oad perience apes he
‘Bure in Bl 99 ad edhe i ofan of a ach
{Sta Net ea twa Urey sdy a adel Crean, dein te co
rated mle of moent oe synch 985 aa 2s (924 Pe
bps te met compre eponan af hi sore oem canbe hand by
” Aci Tras nd ly Gath any

seventh conto" his particular ue soften been considered tobe the furthest
(hatte Teas porta eelable orl trad ada tothe ith century Greeks
streched ™ Quite sua, it Happens to coincide with the begining of the re
‘orded wees af beso ter?

Scepiin ana the telat of alent accounts grew further ees of
the nfuene ofthe developing terry cits and pilsophy of istry. hich
stress the sagiiance of the formal Aeucture fr shaping marae and of the
detining concepts for deterining the ealetance of Gh facts In an Bistarical
‘unt, point ut tat list elas wpiten fom the veep ofthe even
dnd elim in xan eases tet historian stores ae. alge dees itor ad
Fitna count ofthe pt" And, een mate importa th scholars workeng,
fn Archaic Greck hitory got acquintd withthe exe of resarch ico orat
Nadir snd accep spor tal or ravanited acount ae inet)
tupsiable”Ihas been increasingly realized tat the very eeason fr the existe
ff the rein leo explain and sy the ptesem and that any account about
the past wil he preseread only soar 2 fr portant fr the sora gro

pasnitGog i Stoves about the evens losing the slgaiicance ore coastal
Ceplaced bY new ones, ard those preserved are in turn perpetually remodeled 19
tneel he teguiement ofthe changing conditions. His now aust sSraed hat
2 telat tailed tradition ~ oral itary’ ~ dees not teach back move than &
tondeed years wile syppncedrecallecnonssbout the erie paa geno eon
S58 of legendary or even purely mythical sccounts show ‘rigs, and that Se
(Srv dea there tends tobe «Mowing gp ine Piri memory”

= Reh 058.28 — Fake 197749 76

“Seep Maar tet nin 10

= Aterpoted oy Hana 308.0216

* Fora snimary sain oe enter ofthe tae sav ser example Bo

‘ed Ms Dor ur imprint eoneeps Mink 7H 3135; Whe OBA

Sra 197, 1 nperane af he tris of epee or pnd ep
in loo. 19~ 3 forthe ue scot aa ring et indy, on se
al opr Fossa 1° ote rg engl ate she ori ns Mat
TSP he a Whe SR Tinie pera a gat ee
ake Fecha vita. ent Bilan fre ordon 8,
Titec he 170 on lace fp he ard a eMac ery ae
Roesch
«Te mpcsna fhe 4d of he a waitin fre eer te et ek and
‘eta cor wre ped ae iy bth ecne ipe em
Ine tne om de wea Haig ind ney Van 8 (ht nde
tee ok ao re tadtonyppened sean 9, oi mp ing
(sed Unger Sernatg and en aR Far» compre dacon foe
Wiround a ne ly rec hxonogrphy sot aanding the moda ane
Paonrne ( aouey 0. oar Bate Ma 138.
[Ndi wld attr anne RS The leer cedion nce donee
Intralot (ania 18S, 4123 habe ober ep,
1 invedcton s

Applied to the history of Arie Creece this means tht we could expect a
able account oly Fromm the midds ofthe sath cemuny- aboot 2 eenury before
{he time when Herodoos began ta collect the dat for his Hitt = which corre
ponds quite well wih te Beginning of mare dati nd rib looking nar
fave im Herodotes' work vai Lyslan Ricios and the ise of Pebistatos at
“Aten” The tradiooes concerning the sumer evenly most chetefore be ed for
‘most part 2 legendary account, which could give us an Svalble insight in he
vay the Greek viewed thir pst ~ and has for riting the hitory of Gteek mens
{lies or perhaps the culeust history of Archaic Greece ~ but inthe Best case,
only lla Use Tor A recpnsration of any tal eteny of the ast Archon
pod" The ancien acca aboot the rit to eighth entails ate, accord
{etch 2 view, By definition almost opel inespable af costing 3 (Or
‘roton that eosld be relied on for #reconaruction of this eral ee it Grerk
Fistor”

Tach 9 way there raiely cea disunesin has formed betes the stody
of he ighth century changes for one side, and ef the ter Atchae period from
the ober. fist based almod exclesvey on the archacological dats andthe
pow, whl in the eeand tie We etidencr Irom the ister adn bar sll
InainGined it pesition et an important group of sources Such phenomena
‘ranny and legulavon, which ate not mectoned inthe poery of Homer and
“Herod and cannot be detected by archaeslogica ecard, bt ze known rom che
ber accourts fea the ric pote. or fro she Bega imspions (the ater ap
Desing fom the late sevenuh century onvatds) ave ths usually excladed from

‘by ata 50, 24, Vane lane sec dons, oan a andes
‘koi (Vanna 35.2) hem ely mpd ae he enn She
Toa Cate 08; Asan 200348 For sme for theca ek oy
See com eptily Thamar 20), who emphasis nt the exten of as on
‘eo he pnrenon move Cpr er» eek hacia trope
‘neti

+ Gedo baal cme athe mone wu nlermtion begins wh te eign of
es snd mi of stan (HT 3 3) ecu,

‘fare eatin the mrt fhe Rar aus ne oe exam Feng 1385;
Tine 807? ~ Mem 57, t= 9 Ran BG. Cabet 1 Rober 1982
Fbetnich 092 Des WOE i, 26-27 Geek 85 257 Croane M7
Spe 991-5 Foes 99 Fore aya ger he Clic te
‘Sis enero carer pune Racer 958 ors 1B sed 9

Revue nce tangle texas so ce angered a rg
cou or he ecstatic toy he soa Soe 369 and
{Sst agen 1992 Parker Fab pd 99 a he remand. Tey hae hen ramen
nue ces nel atoqed a Pao a Dames 1. 1h

* Hevmanc euchedwpen by Morne m= 9 The primacy of cao
ec or est fGen fxm by Papp 19