Ancient Southeast Asia

654 Pages·2016·64.542 MB·English

by  John N. Miksic, Goh Geok Yian

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ANCIENT SOUTHEAST ASIA
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t Ancient Southeast Asia provides readers with a much-needed synthesis of the latest
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discoveries and research in the archaeology of the region, presenting the evolution of
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1 complex societies in Southeast Asia from the protohistoric period, beginning around
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1 500 bc, to the arrival of British and Dutch colonists in 1600. Well-illustrated through-
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0 out, this comprehensive account explores the factors which established Southeast Asia
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a as a region of unique cultural fusion. Miksic and Goh explore how the local population

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a exploited the abundant resources available, developing maritime transport routes which
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f The book’s broad geographical and temporal coverage, including a chapter on the
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y natural environment, provides readers with the context needed to understand this stag-
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rs geringly diverse region. It utilizes French, Dutch, Chinese, Malay-Indonesian, and Burmese
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v sources and synthesizes interdisciplinary theoretical perspectives and data from archaeo-
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U logy, history, and art history. Offering key opportunities for comparative research with
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y other centers of early socioeconomic complexity, Ancient Southeast Asia establishes the
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d region’s importance in world history.
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l John N. Miksic is Professor at the Southeast Asian Studies Department, National University
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w of Singapore.
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Geok Yian Goh is an Associate Professor at the History Programme, at the Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore.
Routledge World Archaeology
The Ancient Central Andes, Jeffrey Quilter
Prehistoric Britain, Second Edition, Timothy Darvill
Ancient Turkey, Antonio Sagona and Paul Zimansky
Forthcoming:
Ancient Canaan, Stephen Bourke
7 Ancient Caribbean, José R. Oliver and Isabel Rivera-Collazo
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0 Ancient Crete, Jan Driessen
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r Ancient Iran, Roger Matthews and Hassan Fazeli
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ob Formative Britain ad 400–1100, Martin Carver
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c Prehistoric Italy, Robin Skeates
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ANCIENT
SOUTHEAST ASIA
John N. Miksic and Geok Yian Goh
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First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 John N. Miksic and Geok Yian Goh
7 The right of John N. Miksic and Geok Yian Goh to be identified as authors of this work has
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0 been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
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r Patents Act 1988.
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o All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
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c form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
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1 including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
1 without permission in writing from the publishers.
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: Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
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0 and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
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] British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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ni A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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ir Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
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f A catalog record for this title has been requested
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y ISBN: 978-0-415-73553-7 (hbk)
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si ISBN: 978-0-415-73554-4 (pbk)
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e ISBN: 978-1-315-64111-9 (ebk)
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CONTENTS
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t List of figures xix
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A note on spelling xxii
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1 1 Introduction: History, culture, and art in Seasia 1
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0 Defining Seasia 1
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a Seasian demography 2
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ia A region in search of a name and an identity 3
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gi Theory in Seasian historical archaeology 6
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Vi The importance of inter-regional comparisons 8
of The importance of links between Seasia and the world 8
y World-systems theory, globalization, and interaction spheres 10
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r Cultural evolution and environmental adaptation 11
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i Periods of Seasian history, 500 bce to 1600 ce 12
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U Art, technology, and society 14
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y The role of the artist in early Seasia 15
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d The role of the written word in early Seasia 16
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d Archaeology in Seasia 17
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l Ethnicity and archaeology 17
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Dimensions of cultural evolution in Classic Seasia 19
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Urbanization 19
Maritime trade 20
Religion 20
Technology and art 20
Monumental construction 20
Status of women 20
Historiography of Seasia 21
A framework for analysis of Classic Seasia: Political, artistic, and economic variables 23
Cities and settlement patterns 26
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Seasian concepts of settlement types 28
Conclusion 30
2 Environments, languages, cultures, and people 33
Geography and climate 33
Biodiversity and exchange networks 35
Seasonality and culture 35
Equatorial ecology and human adaptation 36
Genes, artifacts, and languages 40
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1 Language distribution 40
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2 Subregions and mandalas 42
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be Settlement pattern studies in Seasia 43
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t Topography: The sea unites, the land divides 44
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Subregions of the tropical mainland: Defining subregions 44
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1 Subregions of Seasia 45
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1 Type 1: Mainland river systems: Chao Phraya, Ayeyarwadi, Mekong, and Red 45
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0 Subregions along the Mekong 45
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a Lower Mekong: Northern portion 47
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a Foothills of the Seasian massif 47
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gi Khorat Plateau 47
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of The Mekong Delta 49
y Chao Phraya 50
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i The Dry Zone of central Myanmar 51
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y Red River 53
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d South Vietnam littoral 53
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d Type 2: The mainland massif 54
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l The Shan Plateau 56
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The Cardamom Mountains 56
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D Central highlands of Vietnam 57
Subregions of the equatorial region and the eastern isles 58
Type 3: Siamo-Malay peninsula and the Seasian archipelago 58
The isthmian region: From the Isthmus of Kra to the fringe of the equatorial zone 58
Peninsular Malaysia 60
The South China Sea 61
Mangrove fringes and sea nomads 63
Islands west of the Wallace Line 64
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Contents
Sumatra 65
North coast Sumatra (Barus, Aceh, Kota Cina) 66
Southeast Sumatra 67
North coastal Java: The pesisir 68
North Bali 69
Kalimantan (Borneo) 69
Philippines 71
Type 4: Island hinterlands 71
Sumatra: Central Rift valleys, Pasemah, Rejang Lebong 71
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1 Java: The pedalaman, or hinterland 71
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2 South Bali 73
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t Sulawesi 73
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1 3 Prehistory: Two million to 2,000 years ago 77
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1 The end of the Palaeolithic and the beginning of the next phase 80
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0 The Palaeolithic-Neolithic-Bronze-Iron Age system and its discontents 83
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a Diffusion vs. independent origin; influence vs. appropriation 84
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a Migration and in situ evolution 85
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gi The Preclassic period 86
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Vi Megaliths 87
of Maritime skills 88
y Pleistocene: Palaeolithic tools and human fossils 88
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r Early research on Seasian palaeontology 89
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i Pleistocene technology 92
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U Palaeolithic artifacts beyond Java 93
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y Upper Palaeolithic 94
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d Summary 96
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d The Holocene: From the end of the Ice Age to the beginning of history 97
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l Hoabinhian 98
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Neolithic = agriculture? 100
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D Toalian 103
The early Metal Age: Metal and society 103
Dongson culture: 500 bce to 200 ce 107
Dongson drum distribution as an indicator of a sphere of artistic interaction 109
Co Loa 111
Moats, ramparts, mounds, and settlement patterns of mainland Seasia 113
The oldest ramparted and moated sites: The banteay kou of Cambodia and Vietnam 113
Moats and ramparts in the Angkor area 115
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Khorat 116
Sites, cemeteries, and artifacts 120
Moats and nature 124
Early miners 124
Chao Phraya valley 124
The Iron Age of central and northeast Thailand 125
The growth of trade 126
Iron Age influence from India? 127
Trading ports of the Preclassic era 127
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1 Regional symbiosis in the Preclassic? 128
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2 Khao Sam Kaeo 129
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be Evidence for a foreign enclave 130
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t The western terminus: Phu Khao Thong 131
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Southern peninsular ports of the Preclassic 132
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1 Mainland markets: Ban Don Ta Phet, Chansen 133
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1 Preclassic cultures of the South China Sea: Sahuynh and Kalanay 133
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0 Artifacts and interaction spheres 135
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a The Protoclassic in the eastern archipelago 136
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a Bali 136
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gi Kalimantan (Borneo) 137
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Vi The Sikendeng Buddha 138
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ty 4 Protoclassic: 1 to 600 ce 147
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r Historical sources 148
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i Geomorphology and history 149
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y Relations between Buddhism and Hinduism 150
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d Nan Yue and Sinification 155
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d Au Lac 155
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l Nan Yue 156
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Sinification of northern Vietnam 158
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D Funan 160
Archaeology of Funan 162
Epigraphy of Funan 164
Angkor Borei 165
Ceramics 166
Oc-èo’s hinterland 167
Banteay Prei Nokor 167
Prohear 167
Angkor region 167
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Upper Mun valley, Khorat Plateau: Non Ban Jak 168
Seasia and South Asia 168
Kings, gods, and gods of the kings (devaraja) 169
Temples 171
Gods, gurus, and ancestors 173
Caste system 174
Writing and literature 175
Historiography of Indian contact with Seasia 179
Seasians in India 180
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1 The isthmian region and early maritime trade 181
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2 Dunsun 181
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be Panpan 182
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t Visnu images and Buddhist stupas 183
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Langkasuka 184
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1 Tha Chana 185
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1 Khao Sam Kaeo 185
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0 Khlong Thom (Khuan Luk Pat), Krabi 185
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a Champa 186
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a Champa and Lin Yi 186
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gi Vocanh 186
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Vi Devanika and overland trade 187
of Singapura 188
y My Son 189
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r Art 189
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i Archaeology 189
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U Central and northeast Thailand: Prelude to Dvaravati 190
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y Coinage 190
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d Protoclassic sites in central Thailand 191
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d U Thong 191
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l Phong Tuek 192
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Chansen 192
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D Phromthin Tai 193
Nakhon Pathom 193
Ban Khu Muang 193
Northeast Thailand 194
Walled settlements in Myanmar’s dry zone 194
Beikthano 196
Halin 196
Maingmaw 197
Wadi 197
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