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Ancient People of the Andes - Michael A Malpass PDF

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ANCIENT PEOPLE ANDES OF THE ANCIENT PEOPLE ANDES MICHAEL A. MALPASS OF THE CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London Copyright © 2016 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2016 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2016 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Malpass, Michael Andrew, author. Title: Ancient people of the Andes / Michael A. Malpass. Description: Ithaca ; London : Cornell University Press, 2016. | ©2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015037596 | ISBN 9781501703218 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781501700002 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Indigenous peoples—Andes Region. | Indians of South America—Andes Region. Classification: LCC GN564.A53 M35 2016 | DDC 980/.01—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015037596 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover photograph: Panoramic view of the central area of the Sacred City of Caral. Image courtesy of Zona Arqueológica Caral and Christopher Kleigehe. This book is dedicated to Soren Kessemeier Malpass, without whose unflagging support, assistance, and encouragement it would never have been completed vii Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 Learning about the Past 1 2 Geography of the Central and South Andes 13 3 The Time Before Temples: The Early and Middle Preceramic Periods 27 4 Settling Down and Settling In: The Late Preceramic Period 50 5 Societal Growth and Differentiation: The Initial Period 67 6 Of Masks and Monoliths: The Early Horizon 96 7 Art and Power: The Early Intermediate Period 116 8 Clash of the Titans? Tiwanaku, Wari, and the Middle Horizon 142 9 Auca Runa, the Epoch of Warfare: The Late Intermediate Period 193 10 Expansion and Empire: The Inkas and the Late Horizon 220 Notes 257 References Cited 259 Index 279 Color plates at end of e-book CONTENTS ix and expands each year. As such, I have relied on par- ticular sources of information for a lot of the basic research for this book. If one or two books served this purpose for given time periods, I have given them due credit at the beginning of the references cited. As usual, any interpretations of this informa- tion that are at variance with the authors’ views are my responsibility. Finally, a book such as this can obviously take a long time to write. As such, any author has to make a decision about when to stop adding new information. For me, this was 2011, al- though if there was some important fact that could be added or changed with little bearing on the main point of the chapter, I used more recent information. Also, if the reviewers thought some important infor- mation or book that should be included in the bibli- ography had been overlooked, I also included that. This book also reflects my personal interests in the prehistory of western South America and my own research foci. These include the early occupations and adaptations of people traditionally viewed as hunters and gatherers, the origins of cultural com- plexity and social inequalities, the Middle Horizon Wari culture, and the Inkas. As such, the informa- tion on these topics in chapters 3, 4, 5, 8, and 10 is perhaps more comprehensive than in other books. A second factor influencing the coverage here, one not peculiar to this book, is the relative amount As an instructor of college undergraduates since 1984, and as a person who spends quite a bit of time giving volunteer lectures on Andean cultures to local middle and high school classes, I have tried to be observant about what students like and do not like. Moreover, like most conscientious instructors, I work at deter- mining what excites students about a class in prehis- tory. There are certain obvious things; for example, students today are much more visually oriented than my generation was. They like PowerPoint slides, websites, and videos more than reading. They are worried about how expensive books are, especially ones they might be selling at the end of the semester. This book differs from others that are on the mar- ket in several ways that bear on these issues of what students like. First, a recurrent criticism that I have noticed on student evaluations is that there is too much emphasis on pottery and site plans, and not enough on the people who were responsible for them. Thus, I have tried to reduce the number of the for- mer while increasing my discussion of the latter. Ample resources are given in the bibliography for the instructor to find more of whatever she or he wants to include, to flesh out the information in the book. A book such as this obviously relies on the re- search of others and, even more so, on the published information available. The volume of information available on western South America is impressive PREFACE

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