Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory PDF
Preview Ancient Lives: An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory
Ancient Lives Focusing on sites of key significance and the world’s first civilizations, Ancient Lives is an accessible and engaging textbook which introduces complete beginners to the fascinating worlds of archaeology and prehistory. Drawing on his impressive combined experience of the field and the classroom, the author uses a jargon-free narrative style to enliven the major developments of more than 3 million years of human life. First introducing the basic principles, methods, and theoretical approaches of archaeology, the book then provides a summary of world prehistory from a global perspective, exploring human origins and the reality of life in the prehistoric world. Later chapters describe the development of agriculture and animal domestication, and the emergence of cities, states, and preindustrial civilizations in widely separated parts of the world. With this new edition updated to reflect the latest discoveries and research in the discipline, Ancient Lives continues to be a comprehensive and essential introduction to archaeology. Brian M. Fagan is one of the world’s leading archaeological writers and an internationally recognized authority on world prehistory. He is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. 2 Ancient Lives An Introduction to Archaeology and Prehistory SIXTH EDITION Brian M. Fagan 3 First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 100172016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2016 B. M. Fagan (as the Lindbriar Corporation) The right of Brian M. Fagan (as the Lindbriar Corporation) to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN: 978-1-138-18879-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-64208-6 (ebk) Typeset in Palatino by Sunrise Setting Ltd., Brixham, UK 4 To Carol Ellick with affection because she rescued me from writer’s block and Nancy Roberts also with affection and with thanks for many kindnesses and the “Eureka moment” that resulted in Ancient Lives 5 Brief Contents PART I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory 2 The Record of the Past 3 Acquiring the Record 4 How Did People Live? PART II Ancient Interactions 5 Individuals and Interactions 6 Studying the Intangible 7 Explaining the Past PART III The World of the First Humans 8 Human Origins 9 African Exodus PART IV Modern Humans Settle the World 10 The Great Diaspora PART V The First Farmers and Civilizations 11 The Earliest Farmers 12 The First Civilizations 13 Early Asian Civilizations PART VI Ancient America 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Earthwork Builders 15 Mesoamerican Civilizations 16 Andean Civilizations PART VII On Being an Archaeologist 17 So You Want to Become an Archaeologist 6 Contents List of Figures List of Tables Preface About Ancient Lives The Philosophy Behind Ancient Lives Special Features and Changes in the Sixth Edition Acknowledgments Author Notes PART I Archaeology: Studying Ancient Times SPECIAL FEATURE: CONSERVATION OF SITES AND FINDS 1 Introducing Archaeology and Prehistory How Archaeology Began Archaeology and Prehistory Prehistory and World Prehistory Major Developments in Human Prehistory Why Are Archaeology and World Prehistory Important? Who Needs the Past? Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 2 The Record of the Past The Goals of Archaeology The Process of Archaeological Research What Is Culture? The Archives of the Past: The Archaeological Record Preservation Conditions Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 3 Acquiring the Record How Do You Find Archaeological Sites? Back to (Real) Earth: Ground Survey How Old Is It? Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 7 4 How Did People Live? Technologies of the Ancients Subsistence: Making a Living Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading PART II Ancient Interactions SPECIAL FEATURE: MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS IN ARCHAEOLOGY SINCE 1798 5 Individuals and Interactions An Individual: Ötzi the Ice Man Social Ranking Gender: Men and Women Ethnicity and Inequality Trade and Exchange Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 6 Studying the Intangible A Framework of Common Belief Ethnographic Analogy and Rock Art The Archaeology of Death Artifacts: The Importance of Context Artifacts and Art Styles Sacred Places Astroarchaeology and Stonehenge Southwestern Astronomy and Chaco Canyon Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 7 Explaining the Past Culture History Constructing Culture History Analogy Archaeology by Observation and Experiment Explaining Cultural Change People, Not Systems Change and No Change Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading PART III The World of the First Humans SPECIAL FEATURE: THE ARCHAIC WORLD 8 8 Human Origins The Great Ice Age (c. 2.5 Million to 15,000 Years Ago) Early Primate Evolution and Adaptation The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution (7 Million to 1.5 Million Years Ago) All Kinds of Australopithecines (3 Million to 2.5 Million Years Ago) Early Homo: Homo habilis (2.5 Million to Million Years Ago) Who Was the First Human? The Earliest Human Technology Hunters or Scavengers? Plant Foraging and Grandmothering The Earliest Human Mind The Development of Language The Earliest Social Organization Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 9 African Exodus Ice Age Background Homo ergaster in Africa Homo erectus (c. 1.9 Million to c. 200,000 Years Ago) The Lifeway of Homo erectus Archaic Homo sapiens (c. 400,000 to 130,000 Years Ago) The Neanderthals (c. 200,000 to 30,000 Years Ago) The Origins of Modern Humans (c. 180,000 to 150,000 Years Ago) Out of Tropical Africa Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading PART IV Modern Humans Settle the World SPECIAL FEATURE: THE SPREAD OF MODERN HUMANS TO 12,000 YEARS AGO 10 The Great Diaspora The Late Ice Age World (50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) The Peopling of Southeast Asia and Australia (c. 50,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) Late Ice Age Europe: The Cro-Magnons (45,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) Hunter-Gatherers in Eurasia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) East Asia (35,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) Early Human Settlement of Siberia (Before 20,000 to 15,000 Years Ago) The First Americans (Before 15,000 Years Ago to 11,000 B.C.) The Clovis People (c. 11,200 to 10,900 B.C.) Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading PART V The First Farmers and Civilizations 9 SPECIAL FEATURE: EARLY FOOD PRODUCTION 11 The Earliest Farmers After the Ice Age Changes in Hunter-Gatherer Societies Origins of Food Production Consequences of Food Production The First Farmers in Southwestern Asia Early Agriculture in South and East Asia Navigators and Chiefs in the Pacific (2000 B.C. to Modern Times) Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 12 The First Civilizations SPECIAL FEATURE: OLD WORLD CIVILIZATIONS What Is a State-Organized Society? Theories of the Origins of States The Collapse of Civilizations Early Civilization in Mesopotamia (5500 to B.C.) Ancient Egyptian Civilization (c. B.C. to B.C.) Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 13 Early Asian Civilizations South Asia: The Indus Civilization (c. to B.C.) South Asia after the Indus Civilization (1700 to B.C.) The Origins of Chinese Civilization (2600 to B.C.) The War Lords (1100 to B.C.) Southeast Asian Civilization (A.D. to 1500) Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading PART VI Ancient America SPECIAL FEATURE: NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS 14 Maize, Pueblos, and Earthwork Builders North America after First Settlement The Story of Maize The North American Southwest (300 B.C. to Modern Times) Earthwork Builders in Eastern North America (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1650) Summary Key Terms and Sites Critical-Thinking Questions Further Reading 10
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