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Editorial Board Professor Satish Chandra (Chairmen) Professor X. S, Sharma Professor Barun Do Professor Sumit Sarkar Brofessar M.G $ Nevaysnan Shri $. H. Khan Shri Arjun Dav (Convener) ANCIENT INDIA A Textbook for Class XI Ram Sttanan Suaama Ron great eatt oman NOMERT - carstte difine segsiarer site Sefer ate National Council of Educational Research and Training The “ant edtoa of this hook wae publwiat ia avant J977 hr Eurssia, Tublatang Hue {Pot} Le, by pifmabion af the Netioml Cound of Taveunoual Recor ead ‘Taioiag The wbseeuert Poused edition and (he repeats ave bsen published by the Nadonal Counell of 28uensonml Reyearsh aad Traio:ny. inet eaitlen Avec. 972 Sayama 1659 Revived Baitlon Aus 1830 Sranea 182 yaina 08 Yanan 19 Magha 13902 PD.2T—DPG, Gaver Manankninge CHAD Ry 60 Published #4 the Pablentian Depertmech Sy ¥. K. Patdt, Sowevary, Nawunal Copnet: af dutational Research anz Jeune, Sr Aurobiacio Micy, New Delhi “JUS hud puted a ‘auha Mel Pres, Magnes 600 913 Foreword (he pbsenn 200k x snean Far non Cs ND, whch a ae fir yous after 1. emnoral educztlom up co Clase XA the Hrg‘wr Secondary sige (ssen XL and XH), tho ‘stucant ws erica advance knnledge i # few amigas of Rie chores sn as taeuble Men te peruc higher eduesti2n, ‘As want, 5¢ 20 ete, ne some nesupet Tip NCERT had onraustal the reipcatlsy of preperiag e260 and tuetbueks m husory tothe History Eduotia: Boat couesung of Professor Satush Ckarda (Chau aman}, Profisser B, § Sim, Precbsior Bethy Le, Profesor Suit Seekar, Professor MGS. Baxgania, Shu § Rha end Shei Azjaa Dov (Cuasenes ae Boge had Tialized ths comrmus wad peapared sormeof toxtbosks | Tie NCERT Is ereteful ta th: rramborg ef the Baaic Mor spacmg thoae veils ime ung-udgmgly ca docelaping the ow opwncen ant textbooks 21 story yothy cbs shurl Lm cket waa go co tae “This texttook dealing wl # lstorieal sacwey of ancien: India was peesucd) Ly vrofasgor R Sharma and wae fe published #1977 The pees Fest revised edition of the w2tbook wluch had boea ove of ack enn eanly J9iE Lhe NCCRT rs graofal w Profeswse R, & Shera for piopatiay the ocginal as weds Ue present rieed editon ‘The NCERT 1s zlso grate to many other persone, both belonging fo Lhe NCEE and nutnds, aud onyanietions “oe zhsir help and erpers tion, Gur span thanks are duerp Dr G 1, avfhya othe NCERT aad Kus, Anca not Bmery of uke Archveringion, Suriay of India Fer chair elp im sspereung Wee preparation cf illeteso macerals, to Shr: AX Chath for the érassngs aad the fiaps, and to the Archavological Suewey of India for makang avilable te ws paulo seaghs which hexe been urcluded iw ths Seok ‘Thus voloran on Ante Tria is the Gust ra the broeehs ont by rh NCERY tor tag Hight Secondary sage. “Vhs volume envare the syllabus a ans.ont Fedam bystory for tp Hegher Secqndary stage, Volveres deat amg vith the eyllabac in aioval and madara yeokde of Mati hers ave alco Deen brought aut (he NCERT ‘vould b> galelui for any cosamuats sugguuuns ac ences Uh an aspect of the preseat votive sof salbnaks shack have Rect Sain K Mires Preetuer Natwual Cone oF Naseutional Rossuept anc Training Now Dats Aveusr 289 Preface to the First Edition Hostory forms a pact of an und:tecifed ourrculum in jonera eiuation for he frat ton yeas of tchnoling, The cours n history up to this tages, therefore ned at eoquarsiag te pusi ith portant treads and developments in th story of nda, aod of the world, ‘Tha courses ut the ‘plas two stage have been Kamed Keapingin ‘ow tha fouadabons to be lad during the tou goats of goeral education Theis main jpurpoes are to broniza and deepan the histoncal knowledge of ho pup to intcoduce biunto tb igour of he disoplin, and to prepare him for higher aandomic studies m tha subyat. ‘Tho courses in fustocy ath plus two! stage whuck havo bees framed bythe Réstorial Boaed aretha results of aiscussioas with teachers, techor-edacators and exports. Pro sently the Board is ougeged va preparing four totbooks for tbe four semester courses iy history, The syle incindos optional conrscs on the history of regions outside Tia, and txtbrok on these courses would bo propesed When these coutsx are intr duced ia schools “The proson voltae covering cs cotis fon tho At semestar deals with the history of acientTadia (tom probistors times to about the eighth coatney. Ameffot hasbeen sade in this book t highlight the forces and factors behind tke mse and spiwad of civilization and culture in Indie rathor than present details of dynastic history. The gowth and difosion of vertous aspeats af civiliation surk ax sonal alse, state formation, and political watittions have beon trated cleely. The book pointy out the sigmzaat changes and marks the main stages inthe development of Indie soccry inancient times Attention ins boea paud to th contribution of mxciont Indians co polty, ar, itertum, philpsopty, relipon, and sclense and technology ‘Ths Editorial Boaed ss grateful ta Professor R. 8, arms for undertaking the writing of ths book The Board also sincerely thanks all the ther portons for thar help in oanetion wth the publication ofthis bpok SATISH CRANDIRA New Dai Chairman July OP History Editorist Board - Author’s Acknowledgements [No single Aistorian can soeuk wich suthorsey on vatioue phstea and fapots of ancient Ind:ap history. T have thersfore utiveed tha wocks oF nuncotous scholars not all of whose natnes appeat in the bibliography. I rook various kinds of help from Dr. Pratinal Bhatia, Wr. D. KG Chakrabart:, Shri George Jacob, Sh V. K, Jain, Shrimati Vijaya Nath, Dr. Sitaram Raj, Kunar) Sueklata and Ds, P, D. Tespathi, Shes Arjun Dev af the NCERT hstped ro on finalzrag the proparstion and publication of the book ‘with ability, dovotion and eon mierost, They alldeserve my sincere thanks At one ageit tosmed that the book Would not appear again Lan theraCere. hapyy to 590 its second edivon. I gratefully acknowledge the vupport and suggotttons recorved frome & wids cittle of renowned historians including Dr. G. L. Adhya, Profestor A. L. Basham, Professor B,D. Chattopadbyay, Profeatot RN. Dandekar, Shri RK. Choudhary, Profassor D.N. Tha, Dr, Suvire Jaiswal, Profesyge B. N, Mukherjeo. Professor M. G. 5, Narayanan, Professor A. M, Shastri, Professor S, Sattar, Professor G.R, Sbarma, De, KM, Shiimali, Shei R. P, Siagh, Professor K. XK. Sinks, Professce D.C. Surcar, Professor Upendra Thakur, Professor Romila Thapar tnd Professor BLN 8. Yadava. Contents Foreword . ¥ Preface fa the Bust Editon 1, s,s li Author's Acknowledgements a) 1, ‘The Importance of Ansient Judian History wood 2, The Construction of Anclens Tadian Wistory er Material Resnains—Coms—Inscriptions—Literary Sources Hormgu Accoumts~listovical Sense 3. ‘The Geographical Setting HO A TheStoue age The Oli Stone Age—Phases in tha Palecolitbic Age—The Lyte Stone Age—Tis New Stone Ago : 5. ‘The Stone-Capper Phase : 16 Chaleclie Settlements —Chalcolitie Cultures—Lnportance of tho Chalcolichue Piase—Limatations af Chaleokithie Cultures — ‘Tha Copper Age in India 6. The Hatappan Civilization ee eo B graphical Extoat—Towa Planning and Sleustures—Agricul- two—Dorusticanon of Animals—Tecimology end Ceafis— Trado—Pobitical Orgunmzation—Roligious Practice’—Tho Mle Deity in the Tadus Vallsy—Trae and Animal Worship —The Marap- pan Script—Weights aud Measures—Harappan Pottery—Seals Tmages—Torricotta Figurines—Origir, Maturty and Ead 1. Advent ofthe Aryuan and the Age of the Rig Veda 4s Original Home and Hlontity—Tebal Coaflicts—Material Lite — Telbal Polity—Trite and Family-Social Dwvislaus—Rig Vedic Geds Ww n. 12, 1 M6. 4. 46, ‘The Tater Vodle Phase : Trauuliion to State and Socist Yarmation —.. Tepansion in tha Letee Vagic Pariod fe. 1000-800 W.C.)—-The POW—Iron Phato Culture and Later Vodte Eoonomyalitical Ongan-zation—Sacial Orgawizat.on-Gods, Rituals and P&l lesephy hipiae and udaldons ‘Causes if O-iin-~Vardhannda Mahavicasnd Jainiam—Doetrings 3f Januisin—Spraad of Jainssm—Coutribation of Tainlsm—Chnue fan, Meddha aut Boddhlem—Doctriney of Ruddhivm—Special Faroe of Buddhivn and che Ounce of #5 Sprond—Causos of the Decling of Bul sm—Lmpartuncs and Influence of Baddhise ‘Tertitorot Statos andthe Flest Magadban Eompice ‘Ths Mahajananadas—Rice ani Growth (che Maydhan Brupie —Crenes of Magudha's Suncare Tranlao and Mnesdonian Jovasions Yrapian Tavasion~Resulty of tho Coneust—Alenandes’s Tavasion “Shia of Alerander's Tavasion ‘State and Varna Soviety im the Age of the, Buta Material Lit—Administative. Systam—Aeony and “Taxation — ‘The Rapedlican Experiment Saciat Orders and Legislation ‘The Age of the Maneyas ‘Chendoagupia Manesa—fntperial Orgenization—Asoka (272-233 B.C -Asokan Edicte—Impuct of the Kalinga War—Interaal Policy sind Buddhiin—-Asokn’s Place’ i History ‘Sigiticango of the Maurya Rule eo Stata" Cuntrol~Eeononile Rogulationt—éptand” of Materiat Calture—Cavses of the Fall of the Maurya Eerpire Cemeal Asian Contents and Theit Remus ‘The Indo-Gresks—The Sakar—The Parthiant—The Koshant— Impact af Central Asian, Contacte, ‘The Age of tae Satevnbminn Polhicat History—Aspects of Material Culture~Social Organi sution~Pattorn GP Administration—Religion—Archlegerne— Langage 0 6 18 » ma ae