Ancient Egyptian Tombs. The Culture of Life and Death

304 Pages·2011·210.569 MB·English

by  Snape Steven

Ancient Egyptian Tombs
Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death Steven Snape
© 2011 Steven Snape. ISBN: 978-1-405-12089-0
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Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death Steven Snape
© 2011 Steven Snape. ISBN: 978-1-405-12089-0
Ancient Egyptian
Tombs
The Culture of Life
and Death
Steven Snape
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
(cid:1)2011StevenSnape
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Snape,S.R.(StevenR.)
AncientEgyptiantombs:thecultureoflifeanddeath/StevenSnape.
p.cm.– (Blackwellancientreligions)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4051-2089-0(hardcover:alk.paper) 1. Tombs–Egypt.2. Funeralrites
andceremonies–Egypt.3. Egypt–Socialconditions.4. Egypt–Civilization–To332B.C.5.
Egypt–Antiquities. I.Title.
DT62.T6S562011
932–dc22
2010034207
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Setin9.75/12.5ptUtopiabyThomsonDigital
PrintedinMalaysia
01 2011
For Philippa and Jack
Contents
ListofFigures ix
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction 1
1 NamelessLivesatTarkhanandSaqqara 7
EarlyTombsandtheKa
2 Pits,PalacesandPyramids 24
RoyalCemeteriesoftheEarlyDynasticPeriod
andOldKingdom
3 Non-RoyalCemeteriesofDynasty4 35
4 Unas,TetiandTheirCourts 51
TheLateOldKingdomatSaqqara
5 TheTombsofQarandIdu 68
FamiliesandFuneralsintheLateOldKingdom
6 AGrowingIndependence 86
CourtandRegionalCemeteriesintheLateOldKingdom
7 Ankhtify 105
ATimeofChange
8 Osiris,LordofAbydos 117
viii Contents
9 ‘LordsofLife’ 136
Coffins
10 StrangersandBrothers 148
TheMiddleKingdominMiddleEgypt
11 NorthandSouth 166
MiddleKingdomTombsattheRoyalResidence
12 Ineni,SenenmutandUser-Amun 176
NewTombsforOld
13 RekhmireandtheTomboftheWell-KnownSoldier 190
ForeignersandFuneralsintheAgeofEmpire
14 HuyaandHoremheb 207
AmarnaandAfter
15 SamutandtheRamessidePrivateTomb 223
16 Sennedjem 233
BuildingandBuyingatDeirel-Medina
17 Petosiris 245
ADyingTradition
References 260
FurtherReading 276
Index 281
Figures
0.1 MapofEgyptshowingthelocationofsitesmentioned
inthetext xvi
1.1 TarkhanTomb1845:theburial 9
1.2 TarkhanTomb1845:theBurialChamberandOffering
Chapel 12
1.3 SaqqaraMastabas3471(plan),3036(plan)and3507
(cross-section) 16
1.4 SaqqaraMastaba3505 18
1.5 TheundergroundroomsoftheSaqqara‘house’tombs
S.2302(left)andS.2337(right) 22
2.1 PlanofthetombofDenatAbydos 26
2.2 PlanoftheCemeteryAreaatAbydos 27
2.3 TheStep-PyramidofDjoseratSaqqara 29
2.4 Simplifiedplanandcross-sectionofSaqqaraMastaba3038 30
3.1 Plan(above)andcross-section(below)ofa‘standard’
Dynasty4mastabaatGiza 36
3.2 ThemastabaofNiankhkhnumandKhnumhotepatSaqqara 38
3.3 The(unfinished)FalseDooroftheLadyWadjkawesfrom
hertombintheUnasCausewayCemeteryatSaqqara 40
3.4 TheOverseerofka-priest(s)Qarmakesanofferingtothe
officialKhenuinthelatter’stombintheUnasCauseway
CemeteryatSaqqara 43
4.1 ThepyramidofUnasatSaqqara,lookingwestwardsfrom
thecauseway 52
4.2 PlanoftheTetiPyramidCemeteryatSaqqara,showingthe
pyramidsofTeti,IputIandKhuit,andselectedprivatetombs
oftheOldKingdom–RamessidePeriod 57
x Figures
4.3 PlanofthemastabaofNebkauhorintheUnasCauseway
CemeteryatSaqqara 58
4.4 PlanofthetombofNeferatSaqqara 60
4.5 StatueofthePrincessNofretfromMeidum 64
4.6 Scribalstatue 65
5.1 FuneralprocessioninthetombofQaratGiza 76
5.2 FuneralsceneinthetombofDebehenatGiza 77
5.3 FuneralprocessioninthetombofPepiankhHeny
‘theBlack’atMeir 79
6.1 TombsatQubbetel-Hawa 92
6.2 ThetombofHarkhufatQubbetel-Hawa 93
6.3 ThetombsofMekhuandSabniatQubbetel-Hawa 94
6.4 ThetombofKhentikaintheDakhlehOasis 96
6.5 Asub-elitetombatAbydos,excavatedbyJohn
Garstangin1909 102
7.1 The‘pyramid’ofKomDara 109
7.2 ThetombofAnkhtifyatMoalla 110
7.3 ThetombofAnkhtifyatMoalla(interior) 110
7.4 SubsidiarytombsatMoalla 112
7.5 ThetombofWahkaIatQau 113
8.1 MiddleKingdommahatandstelaatAbydos
excavatedbyJohnGarstangin1908 123
8.2 MiddleKingdommahatofIyatAbydosexcavated
byJohnGarstangin1907 124
8.3 StelaofIyfrom321A’07excavatedbyJohnGarstang
in1907 127
8.4 StelaofSobek-khufromAbydos 130
8.5 AbydosTomb941-949A’09excavatedbyJohnGarstang
in1909 135
9.1 TheboxcoffinofUserhetfromBeniHasan 142
9.2 TheheadoftheanthropoidcoffinofKhnum-NakhtfromRifeh 145
9.3 TheboxcoffinofUserhet,containinghisanthropoid
coffin,inhistombatBeniHasan 146
10.1 ViewoftheBeniHasancemetery 152
10.2 ElitetombsatBeniHasan 152
10.3 Tombfac¸adeatBeniHasan 153
10.4 ElitetombsatRifeh 159
10.5 CoffinsinashafttombatBeniHasan 161
10.6 Woodenmodelsonacoffininsideashafttomb
atBeniHasan 162
10.7 ShafttombsatBeniHasan 163
10.8 ‘Soul-house’fromaMiddleKingdomtombatAbydos 164