Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine

562 Pages·1985·29.567 MB·English

by  G.R.H. Wright

ISBN go 04 o7og1 5
go 04 07170 g
Copyright 1985 by E. ]. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche
or any other means without written permission from the publisher
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XIX
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . .
Scope and Limitations of Study
I. GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Appendix: Geographical Register of Important Architectural Sites
II. SoCio-HISTORICAL BAcKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I3
Appendix: Historical Register of Important Architectural Sites
III. HISTORY OF BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . 23
I. Beginnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic
2. Urbanisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Early Bronze Age
3· Ciry State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Middle and Late Bronze Age
4· Nation State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Iron Age
5· Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . go
Assyrian, Babylonian, Persian
IV. ELEMENTS OF BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I 7
I . Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I 7
a) General Considerations-Form, Measure, Ornament I I 7
b) Town Planning and Public Works I54
c) Fortifications . . . . . . . . . I 72
d)Temples ....· ....... 2I5
e) Palaces and Public Buildings 269
f) Houses . . . . . . . 282
g) Store-Houses . . . . 298
h) Industrial Buildings 309
VI CONTENTS
j) Tombs . . . . . . . . . . 3I6
2. Construction: System and Execution 332
a) Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Load bearing, Framed, Trabeated, Arcuated
b) Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
(i) Stone; (ii) Clay; (iii) Wood; (iv) Lime; (v) Gypsum;
(vi) Bitumen/Asphalt; (vii) Metals; (viii) Minor Materials
c) Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
(i) Foundations; (ii) Walls; (iii) Supports; (iv) Floors; (v) Doors;
(vi) Windows; (vii) Steps; (viii) Roofs
d) Methods . . . . . 464
V. FoREIGN CoNNECTIONS 473
I. Egypt . . . . . . . . . 473
2. Aegean . . . . . . . . 4 79
3· Anatolia and North Syria 489
4· Mesopotamia and Persia 497
INDEX ...... .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME TWO
Middle East Schools of Building.
I.
2. South Syria-Palestine and its Foreign Connections.
The Region with Principal Sites.
3·
4,4a Detailed Site Plan of Palestine & Jordan with inset.
5· Natural Regions of Palestine & Jordan.
6. Climatic Regions of Syr!a & Palestine.
7· Physical Divisions of South Syria & Palestine
8. Outline Geological Map of South Syria & Palestine
g. Geological Map of Palestine & Jordan.
IO. Phoenecian Coast North of Beirut.
Galilee Coast at Nahariyah.
II.
I 2. Wady Magharah, Mt. Carmel.
I 3· Central Mt. Ephraim near Nablus.
I4. The Navel of the Land.
I 5· The Jordan near Jericho.
I6. Wilderness of J udaea overlooking Dead Sea.
7· Northern Negev at Arad.
I
I8. Southern Arabah near Aqaba.
20. Conspectus of Development in Scale of Palestinian Buildings.
21. Proportions in Palestinian Building.
22. Conspectus of Room Forms.
Conspectus of Round Building.
23·
24. Square Room Planning.
25. Conspectus of the Long Room.
26. Conspectus of the Broad Room.
27. Conspectus of the Bent Entry Room.
28. Centralised Building Type.
29. The Courtyard Building (Hojhaus).
go. Central Hall (way) House ( M ittelsaalhaus).
Israelite or Four-Room House.
31.
Old Mediterranean Temple Type.
32.
33· Egyptian Three-Room Group and the el Amarna House.
34· The Gatehouse or Gateway Temple ( Tortempel).
The Beit Hilani.
35·
VIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME TWO
g6. The Megaron.
37· The Iwan or Liwan.
g8. Schema of Primitive Room Formation and Circulation.
39· Circulation in PPNB Houses at Beidha.
40. The Village House Plan
4I. Room Formation by Division.
42. Agglutinative Building.
43· Conspectus of Architectural Ornament & Decoration.
44· Pre-urban Open Village Style Planning.
45· Jawa-Precocious Town Planning.
46. Extensive EB Town Planning with Acropolis.
47· Strategic Siting-EB II-III Bah edh Dhraa.
48. Possible Theocratic Origins-EB III Khirbet Kerak.
49· Nodal Point Siting-ME Shechem.
50. Large Scale Site Development-ME Hazor.
51. Shifting Sporadic Site Development-Tel Masos.
52. Possible Military Stronghold-Yavne Yam.
53· Great Maritime Trading Centre-Ras Shamra.
54· Capital of Nation State-Jerusalem.
55· Regional Capital-Lachish.
56. Smaller Government Centre-Tell Beer Sheba.
57· Small Country Town-Tell en Nasbeh.
58. Israelite City Zoning-Tell Beer Sheba.
59· Israelite City Zoning, detail-Tell Beit Mirsim & Beth Shemesh.
6o. MB- LB Street Planning-Tell el Ajjul.
6 I. City Centre-Beth Shan.
62. Philistine Town Planning-Tell Qasile.
63. Conspectus of Historical Development of Megiddo.
64. General View of Megiddo Site.
65. Water Supply, Extra Mural Reservoir-Jawa.
66. Intra-Mural Subterranean Reservoirs-Tell Taanach & Hazor.
67. Water Stairs to Pool by City Gate-Megiddo.
68. Concealed Water Stair-Tell es Saidiyah.
6g. Gibeon Water Supply Schemes.
70. Megiddo Water Supply Schemes.
71. Gezer Water Supply Scheme.
72. Hazor Water Supply Scheme.
73· Jerusalem Water Supply Schemes.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME TWO IX
74· Jerusalem Canalisation of Waters of Gihon.
75· Type of Anatolian Water Supply Systems.
76. Basic Terminology of Fortifications.
77· Multiple Trace Defences.
78. Sketch Showing Basic Type and Elements of Urban Fortification.
79· Comparative Synopsis of Wall Traces.
So. PPNA Round Tower at Jericho.
8I. EB Defences with Rounded Face Towers.
82. Possible Schematic Reconstructions of EB Face Towers.
83. MB City Walls.
84. Internally Buttressed Wall-e.g. Megiddo XI.
85. Turreted Wall-e.g. Megiddo XIII-XII.
86. Double Salient and Recess Trace-e.g. Israelite Megiddo.
87. Megiddo City Wall in the Later Israelite Period.
88. The Casemate Wall.
8g. Embankment Construction at MB - LB Gezer.
go. Plastered Scarp Earthworks Construction at MB.Jericho.
91. The Free Standing Earth Rampart-Yavne Yam etc.
92. Jericho MB - EB Scarped Defences-Reconstructions.
93· Reconstruction of Lachish under Siege ca 7ooBC.
94· Conspectus of the City Gate.
95· Bent Entry Gate-Megiddo St XIII.
g6. Conspectus of the Typical Palestinian MB Tower Gate.
97· Shechem East Gate, Reconstructed Block Plans and Sections.
g8: Shechem East Gate, Axonometric Reconstruction.
gg. Shechem East Gate, Alternative Reconstruction.
I oo. Shechem East Gate, Long Section Existing Condition.
IOI. Shechem N-W Gate, Block Plan.
I02. Shechem N-W Gate, Long Sections Existing Condition.
I03. Shechem N-W Gate, Cross Sections Existing Condition.
I 04. Shechem N-W Gate, Long Section Restored.
I05. Shechem N-W Gate, Cross Section Restored.
106. Tell Dan 'Davidic' Gate-Sketch Reconstruction.
I07. Conspectus of the Solomonic Gate.
108. Solomonic Gate at Megiddo St IVa-Foundation & Ground Plans.
wg. Solomonic Gate at Megiddo St IVa-Perspective Reconstruction.
I IO. Solomonic Gate at Megiddo St IVa-Reconstructed Facade.
I I I. Solomonic Gate at Lachish-Perspective Reconstruction.
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME TWO
I I2. Israelite Frontier Fortresses in the Negev.
I I 3· Israelite Base Fortress at Arad.
I I4. Judaean Fort at Khirbet Abu et Twein.
I I5· Israelite Fortress of Meshad Hashavyahu.
I I6. Late Judaean Palace Fort at Ramet Rahel.
I I 7. Round Fort at Khirbet el Mahruq.
I I8. Rujm el Malfuf Round Tower at Amman.
I I9. Saite Fortress in Canal Zone.
I 20. Fortified Buildings of Persian Times-Tell es Saidiyah & near Ashdod.
I 2 I. Persian Fortified Apadana at Byblos.
I22. Fortress of Azekah (Tell Zakariyeh).
I 23. Pre-Urban Baal at Sanctuary at Byblos.
I 24. Development of Sacred Area at Byblos in EB Times.
I 25. Late Chalcolithic- EB Sanctuary at Engedi.
I 26. Late Chalcolithic - EB Sanctuary at Megiddo St XIX.
I27· EB I-II Temple by City Wall at Ai.
I 28. EB II-III Acropolis Temple at Ai.
I 29. EB III Granary Sanctuary at Khirbet Kerak.
I3o. EB- MB Porch Temples at Megiddo St XVII-XIV.
I 3 r. EB - MB Porch Temples-Possible Restoration.
I32. MB- LB Temples at Ugarit.
I 33· MB Field VI Courtyard Temples at Shechem.
I34· Courtyard Temples-Possible Restored Views.
I35· MB lie- LB Migdol Temple at Shechem.
I36. MB lie- LB Migdol Temple at Megiddo St X-VIII.
I37· MB Temple at Kamid el Loz.
I38. LB Baal-Anat Temple Complex at Kamid el Loz.
I39· LB Temple at Kamid el Loz-Restored View.
140. MB - LB High Place at Qatna.
I4I. MB & LB Lower City Area F Temples at Razor.
I42. MB lie - LB Lower City Area H (Orthostates) Temple at Razor.
I43· LB II-III Lower City Area C (Sin) Temple at Razor.
I44· LB I-II Lachish Fosse Temples-Development.
I45· Lachish Fosse Temple Phase III Plan.
146. Lachish Fosse Temple Phase III Restored Views.
I47· LB Square Temple at Amman Airport-Restored Views.
I48. LB II Four Room House Temple at Tell el Far'ah.
I49· LB II Wayside Sanctuary at Tell Mevorakh.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME TWO XI
ISO. LB II - Iron Age I Hathor Sanctuary at Timna Copper Mines.
IS 1. LB II Mekal Temple at Beth Shan Level IX.
I52· LB II 'Amenophis' Temple at Beth Shan Level VII.
I53· LB II 'Amenophis' Temple Restored as Canaanite Temple.
I54· LB II - Iron Age I 'Seti' Temple at Beth Shan Level VI.
ISS· LB II - Iron Age I 'Seti' Temple Restored as Canaanite Temple.
I56. Iron Age I Temple Complex at Beth Shan Level V.
I57· Philistine Temple Complex at Tell Qasile St XII.
I58. Philistine Temple Complex at Tell Qasile St XI.
I 59· Philistine Temple Complex at Tell Qasile St X.
I6o. Philistine St X Temple I3I-Plan and Axonometric Reconstruction.
I6I. Solomonic Temple Jerusalem.
I62. Solomonic Temple--Restored Interior.
I63. Solomonic Temple--Imginative Reconstruction as Exotic Building.
I64. Israelite Yahweh Temple at Arad Fortress.
I 65. Phoenecian Shrine of Tanit-Astarte at Sarafend.
I66. Persian - Hellenistic Rural Sanctuary at Tell Sukas.
I67. Persian - Hellenistic Sanctuary of Melqaart-Herakles at Amrith.
I68. Persian - Hellenistic Solar Shrine at Lachish.
I6g. Succession of Temple Types at Megiddo.
I 70. Chronological Succession of Palestinian Temple Types.
I7I. LB Temple Complex at Mycenae.
I 7.2. Conspectus of Western Temple Type.
I 73· LB - Iron Age Temple Complex at Kition.
I 74· The Rural Sanctuary.
I 75· Conspectus of Non Axial or Indirect Entry Plans.
I 76. Indirect Entry at Tell Qasile Temples.
I 77· Possible Development of the Ulam.
I 78. Development of Niche-Apse.
I 79· Development of Built Shrine in LB Fosse Temple at Lachish.
I8o. The Cult Niche in Small (Hypaethral) Temples.
I 8 I. Conspectus of Emplacement of Structural Columns.
I82. Early Iron Age Complex with Cult Objects at Megiddo St Va.
I83. The Type of Palestinian Bronze Age Palace.
I 84. LB Palace Complex by City Gate at Megiddo St VIII.
I 85. Partially Excavated LB Ruler's Palace at Kamid el Loz.
I 86. The Royal Palace at U garit.
I87. EB-MB Desert Caravansarai atjawa.