Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar: Material Signs and Traces of the Dead PDF
Preview Ancestral Encounters in Highland Madagascar: Material Signs and Traces of the Dead
ANCESTRAL ENCOUNTERS IN HIGHLAND MADAGASCAR Nineteenth-centuryhighlandMadagascarwasaplaceinhabitedbythedead as much as the living. Ghosts, ancestors, and the possessed were impor- tanthistoricalactorsalongsidelocalkingsandqueens,soldiers,traders,and missionaries. This book considers the challenges that such actors pose for historicalaccountsofthepastandforthinkingaboutquestionsofpresence and representation. How were the dead made present, and how were they recognizedornot?Inattendingtothesemultifariousencountersofthenine- teenthcentury,howmightwereflectonthewaysinwhichourownhistory writing makes the dead present? To tackle these questions, Zoe¨ Crossland tells an anthropological history of highland Madagascar from a perspective rootedinarchaeologyandPeirceansemeiotics,aswellasinlandscapestudy, oralhistory,andtextualsources. Zo¨e Crossland is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Columbia Uni- versity.HerresearchfocusesonthehistoricalarchaeologyofMadagascar,as wellasforensicarchaeologyandevidentialpracticesaroundhumanremains. She is the coauthor of A Fine and Private Place: The Archaeology of Death and Burial in Post-Medieval Britain and Ireland (with Annia Cherryson and Sarah Tarlow). Her work has appeared in American Anthropologist, ArchaeologicalDialogues,andSignsandSociety,amongotherjournals.She establishedtheU.S.branchoftheTheoreticalArchaeologyGroup,aninter- nationalconferencedevotedtodiscussingarchaeologicaltheory. Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 01:53:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 01:53:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 ANCESTRAL ENCOUNTERS IN HIGHLAND MADAGASCAR MATERIAL SIGNS AND TRACES OF THE DEAD ZOE¨ CROSSLAND ColumbiaUniversity Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 01:53:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107036093 ©Zoe¨Crossland2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Crossland,Zoe¨,author. AncestralencountersinhighlandMadagascar:materialsignsandtracesofthedead/Zoe¨ Crossland. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-03609-3(hardback) 1.Ethnology–Madagascar. 2.Semiotics–Madagascar. 3.Dead–Religiousaspects. 4.Landscapes–Symbolicaspects–Madagascar. 5.Madagascar–History–19th century. 6.Madagascar–Religion–19thcentury. 7.Imerina(Madagascar)–History– 19thcentury. 8.Merina(Malagasypeople)–Religion. 9.Missions–Madagascar. I.Title. GN661.M2C76 2013 305.8009691–dc23 2013018870 ISBN978-1-107-03609-3Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLs forexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 01:53:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 For BB Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 02:45:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 02:45:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 Contents Figures pageix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Encounterswithancestors 1 ThemesinthehistoriographyofMadagascar 7 Encounters 10 Ancestralagency 13 Materialityandrepresentation 15 Outlineofthebook 21 Thecenter 22 Thefrontier 24 PART I: THE CENTER 1 Uncertainsignsandthepowerofthedead 31 Thepoliticsoffire 31 Locatingruins 35 Fireandtheancestors 41 Signsofchange 48 2 Recognitionandmisrecognitioninthemissionary encounter 56 Problemsofrecognition 56 ArrivalinAntananarivo 59 Locatingmission 61 Improvement 68 Thesemeiosisofrecognitionandnonrecognition 72 First:Qualityorpotential 75 Second:Relationorreaction 79 Third:Habitandmediation 83 Challengestorecognition 88 vii Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 01:59:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 viii Contents 3 Thesignsofmission 100 Ancestralagency 100 Payingtribute 104 Semeioticagency 107 Landscapeandcenter 110 Kinshipandexchange 113 Interpretantsofblessinganditsmismanagement 120 Betweensignsandpracticalreality 130 PART II: THE FRONTIER 4 ConqueringtheAndrantsay:Familiarhistories 141 Stateexpansionandkinship 144 History,servitude,andkinship 148 Buildingandbreakingkinshiponthestatefrontier 151 AncestrallandscapesoftheAndrantsay 164 Gatheringthesignsofhistory 168 Conqueringthedead 171 5 Standingstonesandthesemeiosisofreproduction 181 Highlandstoneworlds 186 Stonesofthestate 187 Mortuarystones 190 Stonesthatspeak 195 Stonetexts 200 Historiesofexchange 204 Thehabitofmeeting 208 Stonesofstateauthority:Rabiby 210 Soldierstones:RainipianaandRainitongavola 213 Ancestraldebtandobligation 216 Astandingstoneisasumofmoney 223 6 ZoneRouge:Encountersonthefrontier 228 Militarymen 229 Strangers 237 Vazimba,brigands,andtheenslaved 242 RedZone 247 Epilogue:Ghostlypresences 257 Worldsofmightbeandwouldbe 263 Notes 267 Glossary 317 Reignofsovereignsmentionedinthetext(centralImerina) 323 Archivalsources 325 Bibliography 327 Index 371 Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 01:59:12, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 Figures MapofMadagascarshowingmajortownsandregions mentionedinthetext pagexv 1 TheremainsoftheQueen’sPalace,orManjakamiadana, andthepalacechurch 32 2 ImagesoftheRova 33 3 PresidentialresidenceatIavohola 35 4 Hilltophighlandvillage 64 5 TheclusterofpalacesattheRovaandelitehouses surroundingitinthe1860s 65 6 ThelandscapearoundAntananarivoin2005 65 7 NeuaddlwydChapel,Ceredigion,andJones’sfather’s gravetoday 70 8 RadamaI,asportrayedinWilliamEllis’sHistoryof Madagascar,Volume2 71 9 NeuaddlwydAcademy 77 10 Highlandchapel 77 11 Constructingthefirststone-builtchurchat Ambatonakanga 85 12 ThechurchandgraveyardatAmbatonakangatoday 87 13 Cosmologicalorderingofspaceandtime 95 14 Cosmologicalorderingofthehouse 96 15 Interiorofhighlandhouse,latenineteenthcentury 97 16 Fragmentedcoincurrencyandwholevolatsyvaky (uncutcoin) 105 17 MapofcentralImerina 111 18 Dynamicsofschoolplacement,1824and1828 117 19 Schematicmapofthemissionschoolsandterritorial organizationofcentralImerinain1824and1828 119 20 Sampy,orgroupprotector 123 21 ThevillageandrockofAmbatomanga 125 22 ThevillageofAmboatany 129 ix Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 02:40:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882 x Figures 23 Comparisonbetween1883LMSmapofmissionized areasandtheextentofthefanjakana 137 24 MapofAndrantsayregion 152 25 AndrantsayRiverinthefarwestofthekingdom 153 26 LookingnortheastfromFiva 154 27 ViewtowestfromFiva,withVohibe 155 28 TerracedricepaddiesnearBetafo 155 29 Malagasydouble-pistonbellows 157 30 Measuringscalesusedinhighlandmarkets 159 31 Guardtowerinopenplazawithtombsin Ambohimanambola 161 32 StonewallathighsiteinwestofAndrantsay 165 33 Andrianonitomponitany’stombwithcoldhouse (tranomanara)ontop 167 34 AbandonedhighsiteofFaliarivo 172 35 HighsiteofFiva 173 36 StoneentrancewayatFandanana 174 37 StandingstoneatTsarahafatra 175 38 Catat’sillustrationofRainimandaniarivo’sstone 182 39 Rainimandaniarivo’sstonetoday 183 40 Andrianonitomponitany’sstoneshowingdescent 189 41 Standingstonesassociatedwithtombs 191 42 Planandcrosssectionofhighlandtomb 192 43 Rainihasimbola’sstandingstoneandlaterinscription 194 44 Coppalle’sportraitofRadamaI 199 45 Rabiby’sstonetoday 212 46 MapofBetafoandmarketsquare 214 47 Rainipiana’sstonetoday 215 48 Rainitongavola’sstonetoday 239 49 Andrianatoavina’sstonetoday 243 50 AccessioncardsfromtheBritishMuseumforpottery vessels 252 Downloaded from http:/www.cambridge.org/core. Columbia University Libraries, on 01 Jan 2017 at 02:40:07, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at http:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565882
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