Anatomy Physiology The Massage Connection 3rd Edition

291 Pages·2011·25.04 MB·English

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Study Guide
to Accompany
Anatomy &
Physiology
The Massage Connection
T H I R D E D I T I O N
Based on the Textbook by
Kalyani Premkumar
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Contents
1
An Orientation to the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3
Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4
Muscular System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5
Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6
Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7
Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8
Cardiovascular System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9
Lymphatic System and Immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
10
Respiratory System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
11
Digestive System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
12
Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Answers 227
iii
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C H A P T E R
1
An Orientation to the Human Body
Learning
Objectives
On completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
(cid:129) Define anatomy and physiology.
(cid:129) Briefly describe each body system and its functions.
(cid:129) List the functions of the body necessary for survival.
(cid:129) Describe how the body gauges and adjusts to its environment.
(cid:129) Compare negative and positive feedback systems.
(cid:129) Describe the planes of division, anatomical position, and directional references.
(cid:129) Identify the regions of the body.
(cid:129) Identify the major cavities in the body and list the organs within each cavity.
(cid:129) List the organizational levels of the body.
(cid:129) Describe the different chemical reactions in the body.
(cid:129) List the parts and describe the functions of cells.
(cid:129) Describe and compare the different types of tissue in the body and the effect of aging on
tissues.
(cid:129) Describe the effects of massage on healthy tissue.
1
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2 CHAPTER 1 (cid:129) An Orientation to the Human Body
Overview
Anatomy is the study of the external and internal structures of the body and their physical
relationships, whereas physiology is the study of the functions of the various parts of the body.
When describing the anatomy and physiology of the body, three main planes of references are
used. They are the frontal or coronal, the sagittal, and the transverse or horizontal plane. The
frontal plane runs from left to right, dividing the body into front and back portions. The sag-
ittal plane runs from front to back, dividing the body into right and left parts. The transverse
plane runs across the body, dividing it into top and bottom portions.
Anatomic position is a term used as a basis to describe specific aspects of the body accu-
rately. A body in anatomic position is erect, the feet are parallel to each other and flat on the
floor, the arms are at the sides of the body with the palms of the hands turned forward, and
the fingers are pointing straight down. In this position, the terms superior, cranial, or cephalic
refer to the head or top of the body; inferior or caudal refers to the bottom, or away from the
head. A structure in front of another structure is anterior or ventral; a structure lying behind
another is posterior or dorsal. Medial refers to something lying close to the sagittal plane of
the body. Something lying away from the sagittal plane is lateral. A structure that is away from
the surface is deep or internal, whereas a structure lying closer to the surface is superficial or
external. Proximal refers to something that is closer to the trunk (chest and abdomen), and
distal refers to something being away from the trunk.
The body is often divided into regions and/or cavities. The major regions of the body are the
head and neck, trunk, and upper and lower extremities. The major body cavities are the cranial
and vertebral cavities (containing the brain and spinal cord); the thoracic cavity (containing
the two lungs); the pleural cavity, which is inside the thoracic cavity (containing the heart); and
the abdominopelvic cavity (containing the liver, gallbladder, stomach, small and large intes-
tines, pancreas, kidneys, spleen, urinary bladder and, in women, the uterus).
The major systems of the body are as follows:
(cid:129) The integumentary system, which includes skin, sweat glands, nails, and hair. It protects the
body from the environment and helps maintain core temperature.
(cid:129) The skeletal system, which includes bones, bone marrow, and joints. It protects tissue and
organs, provides movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.
(cid:129) The muscular system, which includes cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles. It moves the
joints and tissues.
(cid:129) The nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and supporting tissue. It
coordinates the activities of all other organ systems and integrates stimuli inside and outside
the body to produce an appropriate response.
(cid:129) The cardiovascular system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It transports
blood and other substances throughout the body.
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CHAPTER 1 (cid:129) An Orientation to the Human Body 3
(cid:129) The respiratory system, which includes nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial
tubes, and lungs. It works with the cardiovascular system to coordinate oxygen and carbon
dioxide exchange.
(cid:129) The endocrine system, which includes all the glands. It manufactures and regulates hor-
mones.
(cid:129) The reproductive system, which in females includes the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes,
and in males includes the testes, vas deferens, penis, and accessory organs. It is responsible
for propagation of the species.
(cid:129) The digestive system, which includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and
large intestines. It breaks down food and excretes excess food matter.
(cid:129) The urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It
eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products.
The body’s organ systems perform certain functions that are critical for survival.
(cid:129) Countless chemical reactions that occur in and between the cells of the body, known as
metabolism, provide the fuel that the body needs to perform all of its functions.
(cid:129) Responsiveness is when the body reacts to changes in its internal or external environment,
such as sweating to cool the body.
(cid:129) Movement, both internal and external, allows the body to react to changes in environment
and to perform critical processes such as the beating of the heart.
(cid:129) Digestion breaks down food to provide energy for all of the other functions of the body.
(cid:129) Reproduction, both the creating of a new human being and new cell growth and repair, is
essential to life.
(cid:129) Growth, too, is a necessary function.
All the organ systems of the body, as well as their respective parts and tissues, work together,
through various feedback systems, to maintain a stable internal environment known as homeo-
stasis. A feedback system is a series of events that the body performs routinely to maintain
homeostasis by constantly monitoring a particular variable, known as the controlled condi-
tion. Changes are initiated to decrease or increase the level of the variable to maintain the level
within normal range. Negative feedback is when the feedback loop nullifies the change that
occurs, such as when increase in blood pressure initiates a chain of events that lead to the
decrease in blood pressure. Positive feedback is when the feedback loop increases the change
that occurs, such as when the stretch of the cervix in labor precipitates a chain of events that
lead to the further stretching of the cervix.
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