Anatomy & Physiology

370 Pages·2018·41.97 MB·English

by  Helen McGuinness

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Helen McGuinness
Anatomy
&
Physiology
9781510435179.indb 1 04/10/18 4:48 PM
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ISBN: 978 1510 435179
© Helen McGuinness 2018
First published in 2018 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
Carmelite House
50 Victoria Embankment
London EC4Y 0DZ
www.hoddereducation.co.uk
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Year 2021 2020 2019 2018
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Contents
Acknowledgements iv
Howtousethisbook vi
1 Anintroductiontoanatomyandphysiology:howthebodyisorganised 1
2  Cellsandtissues 10
3 Theskin,hairandnails 37
4 Theskeletalsystem 96
5 Themuscularsystem 128
6 Thecardiovascularsystem 173
7 Thelymphaticsystemandimmunity 211
8 Therespiratorysystem 230
9 Thenervoussystem 246
10 Theendocrinesystem 278
11 Thereproductivesystem 299
12 Thedigestivesystem 318
13 Therenalsystem 341
Index 353
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Acknowledgements
Whilstpreparingtheoriginaltextofthisbookbackintheearly1990s,I
neverdreameditwouldbeincirculationforover20yearsandnowbeinits
fifthedition,withanaccompanyingworkbook.
Firstly,Iwouldliketoextendmymostsignificantthankstomyhusband
Markforhisconstantlove,help,supportandunderstanding,alongwithhis
constructivecommentsmadeintheupdatingofthisbook.
Tomylatemum,Valerie,whoseeternallove,wordsofencouragementand
beliefinmyabilitiescontinuetomotivateandinspiremetothisday.
TomydearfriendDeeChase(akaMumDee),forherconstantlove,belief,
supportandencouragementofmyworkandwriting.
ToDrNathanMoss,forhelpincheckingtheaccuracyofthetexton
pathologies.
IwillalwaysbegreatlyindebtedtoDeirdreMoynihanforherprofessional
helpandcontributionsthroughoutthepreparationoftheoriginaltextback
in1995whenthebookwasinitsinfancy.
SpecialthanksgotoLindaBiles,HeadofBeautyTherapyatChichester
College,whohasencouragedandsupportedtheupdateofthislatestedition
andofferedherinvaluablesuggestionsandconstructivecomments.
Iwouldliketothankallthestudents,collegesandlecturerswhohaveused
thisbookoverthepast20yearsandwhohavebeenmostencouragingand
supportiveofmywork.
Thisbookisdevotedtoourbeautifuldaughter,Grace.
HelenJ.McGuinness
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How to use this book
DearColleague,
Thisbook,nowinitsfifthedition,hasbeendesignedforthosestudying
beautytherapy,complementarytherapiesoranysubjectthatrequiresa
soundfoundationknowledgeofanatomyandphysiology.
Thiseditionhasbeencompletelyrevisedtobringitinlinewiththelatest
anatomyandphysiologyspecificationsoftheTechnical/AdvancedLevel
qualifications.
Aswellasnewandupdatedcontent,additionalnewfeaturesincludean
expandedintroductorychapteronhowthebodyisorganised,keyword
glossariesattheendofthechapter,newandimprovedillustrationsand
photographs,andexpandedend-of-chapterrevisionsummariesandtest
yourknowledgequestions.
Eachchaptergivesanoverviewofasystemandwhyitisofsignificancetoa
therapist,hasalistoflearningobjectives,andisfullofinterestingfactsand
informationtohelpstimulateyourlearning.
Attheendofeachchapterthereisalinktootherbodysystemstohelp
toputthesubjectintocontext,showinghowthebodysystemsworkasa
wholetokeepusinbalance,alongwithacomprehensiverevisionsummary
andtestyourknowledgequestionsinmultiplechoiceandnewexam-style
formats.
Onceyouhavestudiedthecontentsofthistextbook,thereisanew
accompanyingworkbookavailabletohelptestyourknowledgeandprepare
youforassessmentsandexaminations.Contentsoftheworkbookinclude
arangeofactivitiesincludingadditionalmultiplechoiceandexam-style
questions,labelling,matchingthekeywords,sorting,andfillinginthe
blanks.
AnatomyandphysiologyisafascinatingsubjectandIsincerelyhopethat
thisneweditionprovidesyouwithanimprovedlearningexperience.
HelenJ.McGuinness
Answersareavailableonlineatwww.hoddereducation.co.uk/Anatomy-and-
Physiology-Extras
vi
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An introduction
1
to anatomy and
physiology: how the
body is organised
Introduction
Before we begin the fascinating journey of
learning about how the body works, let’s look at
the terminology associated with the study of the
human body.
● Anatomy is the study of the structure and
location of body parts.
● Physiology is the study of the function of
body parts.
It is very important to co-ordinate these two
subjects because knowledge of structure is
incomplete without the knowledge of function,
and the knowledge of function is incomplete
without the knowledge of structure.
● Pathology is the study of disease in the body.
At the end of each chapter in this book there is a
section on the common pathologies associated
with a system of the body.
OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter you will understand:
● anatomical directional terminology used to
give a precise description of a body part
● anatomical planes, which divide the body
into sections
● anatomical regional terms, which refer to
specific areas of the body
● the main body cavities that divide the body
and its internal organs into sections.
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Anatomy & Physiology
The body as a map
KEY FACT
Knowing where parts of the Thebodymaybelikenedtoamapandthekeytolocatingand
body are located will help your
understandingthepartsofthebodyisdirectionalterminology.
understanding as you build up
a picture of how they function. Anatomical terminology
Whenstudyinganatomyandphysiology,youshouldusedirectional
In practice
terminologytogiveprecisedescriptionswhenreferringtotheexact
Think of the structure of the locationofabodypartorstructure.Inanatomicalterminology,all
heart and all its chambers and partsofthebodyaredescribedinrelationtootherbodypartsusinga
valves. Visualising the individual standardisedbodypositioncalledtheanatomical position.
structures (the anatomy), can help
Inthisposition,thebodyiserectandfacingforwards,armstotheside,
you to understand how the blood
palmsarefacingforwardswiththethumbstotheside,andthefeet
flows through the heart and how
slightlyapartwithtoespointingforwards.Thereisanimaginaryline
the heart beats. You are relating
runningdownthecentreormidlineofthebody.
anatomy to function or physiology.
Learninganatomicalterminologyislikelearninganewlanguage!
Superior Medial Proximal Superficial
Anterior
(ventral)
Posterior
(dorsal)
Inferior Lateral Distal Deep
p Anatomical terms
Anatomical directional terms
TheanatomicaltermsinTable1.1willhelpyoutobespecificwhen
describingthepositionofabodypart.
Study tip
The directional terms have been organised into pairs for ease of learning;
once you know one term, it is easier to learn the opposite term.
2
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