Anatomy of a South African Karst Hydrosystem: The Hydrology and Hydrogeology of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site PDF
Preview Anatomy of a South African Karst Hydrosystem: The Hydrology and Hydrogeology of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site
Cave and Karst Systems of the World Philip J. Hobbs Harrison Pienaar Eddie van Wyk Yongxin Xu Editors Anatomy of a South African Karst Hydrosystem The Hydrology and Hydrogeology of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site Cave and Karst Systems of the World Series Editor James W. LaMoreaux, P. E. LaMoreaux and Associates, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA This bookseriesfurthers theunderstandingof caveand karst related processesand facilitates the translation of current discipline-specific research to an interdisciplinary readership by dealing with specific cave or karst systems. Books in this series focus on a specific cave or karst system, on the cave or karst systems of a specific region, on a specific type of cave or karst system, or on any other perspective related to cave and karst systems of the world. The book series addresses a multidisciplinary audience involved in anthropology, archaeology, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, geomorphology, hydrogeology, paleontology, sedimentology, and all other disciplines related to speleology and karst terrains. More information about this series at https://link.springer.com/bookseries/11987 (cid:1) (cid:1) Philip J. Hobbs Harrison Pienaar (cid:1) Eddie van Wyk Yongxin Xu Editors Anatomy of a South African Karst Hydrosystem The Hydrology and Hydrogeology of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site 123 Editors Philip J.Hobbs(deceased) Harrison Pienaar Pretoria, SouthAfrica Smart Places—Water Centre Council for ScientificandIndustrial Research EddievanWyk Pretoria, SouthAfrica Bloemfontein, SouthAfrica Hebei University of Engineering Handan,China Yongxin Xu Department ofEarth Sciences University of the Western Cape Bellville, SouthAfrica ISSN 2364-4591 ISSN 2364-4605 (electronic) Cave andKarstSystems of theWorld ISBN978-3-030-95828-2 ISBN978-3-030-95829-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95829-9 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developed. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Declaration I,PhilipJ.Hobbs,declarethatthispublicationismyownworkandhasnotpreviouslybeen submitted by me for publishing at this or any other institution. v Panoramicview,lookingsouth,oftheCOHWHS‘core’areaintheJohnNashNatureReserveshowingthevalleycarvedby theGrootvleiSpruitfromleft(south-east)toright(north-west)acrossthelandscape;alsovisibleistheearlywintersmoglayer overJohannesburgonthehorizon(PhotoP.Hobbs,date19/05/2010) Acknowledgements It is with gratitude that I acknowledge Prof. Pat Eriksson, former Dean of the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, and Prof. Louis van Rooy, Head of the Department of Geology, at the University of Pretoria. It is also fitting that the contributions of the Man- agement Authority of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COH WHS), and in particularMr.Peter(Spike)Mills,DeputyDirectorIntegratedEnvironmentandConservation Management for the COH WHS and Dinokeng Project, be acknowledged. The Management Authority is thanked for entrusting me with the task of improving the understanding of the waterresourcesenvironmentthatcontributestotheoutstandinguniversalvalueofthisglobally treasured landscape. It is my hope that this publication will serve the Management Authority well in its task of managing and protecting also the water resources component of its UNESCO-entrustedmandateintothefuture.PeterMillsisthankedforhiscompanionshipand support on many excursions into the field. The contribution of numerous other individualsto thework reflected in this dissertation is acknowledged separately at the end of the text. Many of these are landowners in the study area,anditismyhopethatasstakeholderstheywillbenefitfromthematerialandknowledge presented in this dissertation. Others are professional colleagues in the employ of such organisations as the Department of Water and Sanitation (formerly the Department of Water Affairs), the Council for Geosciences and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. My thanks go to these individuals for the contribution of their time and effort. In conclusion, I am thankful for the premeditated and fortuitous factors that a universal intelligence has considered fit to inform my professional career in a scientific discipline that offers so much unsolicited rich return. It is a privilege to contribute towards a better under- standing of a complex and largely unseen hydrosystem such as underlies ‘The Cradle’. “Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.” (Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity.) John Punch (Irish theologian 1603-1661) aka The law of parsimony (L. Lex parsimoniae) as formulated by Occam’s Razor ix View of surface flow and water quality monitoring station A2H049 at the lower end of the Bloubank Spruit at Zwartkop showing hut housing automated stage gauging instrumentation at left, and vertical stage gauge plates in middle and right foregroundforvisualobservation;theblockagebyvegetationanddebrisoftheleftflankoftheweir(rightofpicture)isnot ideal; the northern slope of the 1626 m amsl Zwartkop peak forms the backdrop to this view (Photo P. Hobbs, date 05/02/2010) Historical Timeline of Key Events Relevant to this Dissertation Timeline 1. Historical timeline of key events relevant to the study area. Acid mine drainage and its impact on receiving surface water and groundwater resources is a dynamic phenomenon that is continually evolving in response to both controlled (engineered) and uncontrolled (natural)circumstances.Theimmediateandshort-terminterventionmeasuresimplementedbytheDepartmentofWaterandSanitation(DWS)to control and manage acid mine drainage in the West Rand Goldfield (aka the Western Basin) were commissioned in June 2012. The impact of these measures on the receiving water resources is first manifested in August 2012. This marked the commencement of a new evolving dynamicinthestudyarea,withtheterminationdateforthisstudyofSeptember2017representing*5yearsof‘newdynamic’observation xiii
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