Anatomy for X-ray Specialists MD0956

170 Pages·2005·8.17 MB·English

by  US Army medical department

U.S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTER AND SCHOOL
FORT SAM HOUSTON, TEXAS 78234-6100

ANATOMY FOR X-RAY
SPECIALISTS

SUBCOURSE MD0956 EDITION 200
DEVELOPMENT

This subcourse is approved for resident and correspondence course instruction. It
reflects the current thought of the Academy of Health Sciences and conforms to printed
Department of the Army doctrine as closely as currently possible. Development and
progress render such doctrine continuously subject to change.

The subject matter expert responsible for content accuracy of this edition was the
NCOIC, Nursing Science Division, DSN 471-3086 or area code [phone], M6
Branch, Academy of Health Sciences, ATTN: MCCS-HNP, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
78234-6100.

ADMINISTRATION

Students who desire credit hours for this correspondence subcourse must meet
eligibility requirements and must enroll in the subcourse. Application for enrollment
should be made at the Internet website: http://www.atrrs.army.mil. You can access the
course catalog in the upper right corner. Enter School Code 555 for medical
correspondence courses. Copy down the course number and title. To apply for
enrollment, return to the main ATRRS screen and scroll down the right side for ATRRS
Channels. Click on SELF DEVELOPMENT to open the application and then follow the
on screen instructions.

For comments or questions regarding enrollment, student records, or examination
shipments, contact the Nonresident Instruction Branch at DSN 471-5877, commercial
[phone], toll-free 1-800-344-2380; fax: [phone] or DSN 471-4012, e-mail
[email protected], or write to:

NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION BRANCH
AMEDDC&S
ATTN: MCCS-HSN
2105 11TH STREET SUITE 4191
FORT SAM HOUSTON TX 78234-5064

CLARIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGY

When used in this publication, words such as "he," "him," "his," and "men" 'are intended
to include both the masculine and feminine genders, unless specifically stated otherwise
or when obvious in context.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson Paragraphs

INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

Section I. Orientation 1-1--1-2
Section II. Cells 1-3--1-6
Section III. Bones 1-7--1-13
Section IV. Common Fractures 1-14--1-15

Exercises

2. REGIONAL OSTEOLOGY

Section I. Upper Extremity 2-1--2-8
Section II. Lower Extremity 2-9--2-15
Section III. The Vertebral Column 2-16--2-21
Section IV. The Thorax 2-22--2-25
Section V. The Skull 2-26-2-34

Exercises

3. BODY SYSTEMS OTHER THAN SKELETAL

Section I. The Digestive System 3-1--3-12
Section II. The Urogenital System 3-13--3-19
Section III. The Respiratory System 3-20--3-28
Section IV. The Nervous System 3-29--3-34
Section V. The Circulatory System 3-35--3-44
Section VI. The Endocrine System 3-45--3-54
Section VII. The Special Senses 3-55--3-57

Exercises

MD0956 i
CORRESPONDENCE COURSE OF

THE U.S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTER AND SCHOOL

SUBCOURSE MD0956

ANATOMY FOR X-RAY SPECIALISTS

INTRODUCTION

As an X-ray specialist (technologist), you need to have a good understanding of
human anatomy, especially as it relates to identifying anatomical landmarks, positioning
a patient correctly and comfortably, for the making of radiographic exposures.

Many structures of the body are radiopaque (impenetrable by x-ray). Others can
be made so. These are the structures that are of primary interest to you, and the area
of primary emphasis in this subcourse. Thus, this subcourse is not a broad introductory
course in anatomy. Rather, it makes several assumptions, that you, the reader, already
have a general basic knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, and that you have
a good working knowledge of medical terminology. If you do not meet these
requirements, you are advised to study Subcourse MD0006, Basic Human Anatomy,
and Subcourse MD0007, Basic Human Physiology, either before or while you study this
subcourse and have a good medical dictionary readily available. The final assumption
is that you need, and want, instruction in anatomy from the special viewpoint of the X-
ray technologist.

Subcourse Components:

The subcourse instructional material consists of the following:

Lesson 1, Introduction to Human Anatomy.
Lesson 2, Regional Osteology.
Lesson 3, Body Systems Other Than Skeletal.

Here are some suggestions that may be helpful to you in completing this
subcourse:

--Read and study each lesson carefully.
--Complete the subcourse lesson by lesson. After completing each lesson, work
the exercises at the end of the lesson, marking your answers in this booklet.

--After completing each set of lesson exercises, compare your answers with those
on the solution sheet that follows the exercises. If you have answered an exercise
incorrectly, check the reference cited after the answer on the solution sheet to
determine why your response was not the correct one.

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Credit Awarded:

To receive credit hours, you must be officially enrolled and complete an
examination furnished by the Nonresident Instruction Branch at Fort Sam Houston,
Texas. Upon successful completion of the examination for this subcourse, you will be
awarded 11 credit hours.

You can enroll by going to the web site http://atrrs.army.mil and enrolling under
"Self Development" (School Code 555).

A listing of correspondence courses and subcourses available through the
Nonresident Instruction Section is found in Chapter 4 of DA Pamphlet 350-59, Army
Correspondence Course Program Catalog. The DA PAM is available at the following
website: http://www.usapa.army.mil/pdffiles/p350-59.pdf.

MD0956 iii
LESSON ASSIGNMENT

LESSON 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy

TEXT ASSIGNMENT Paragraph 1-1 through 1-15.

LESSON OBJECTIVES After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1-1. Select correct answers to questions regarding
osteology and arthrology, including general
morphology of the bones and joints, bone
classification, formation and growth, joint
classification, and joint movement.

SUGGESTION After completing the assignment, complete the
exercises at the end of this lesson. These exercises
will help you to achieve the lesson objectives.

MD0956 1-2
LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY

Section I. ORIENTATION

1-1. INTRODUCTION

a. The human body is a complex organism made up of various interdependent
systems and components. Anatomy is the study of these components and the systems
that they comprise. Put another way, anatomy is the study of the structure of the body,
and the spatial relationship of its parts. Radiographic anatomy is the study of body
structures that can be satisfactorily recorded as images of varying densities on x-ray
film. Although the primary emphasis in radiographic anatomy will be on the skeletal
system, as an X-ray technologist, you should be familiar with the structure of the whole
body, and the interdependent systems of which it is comprised.

b. A detailed study of human anatomy and physiology is beyond the scope of
this subcourse. Fortunately, you do not require such detailed knowledge. However, a
basic knowledge of bones and their joints, their locations, and their surface landmarks,
is essential for proper positioning of the patient. You should also know sufficient detail
of the internal organ systems, including their components, locations, and functions, to
perform the various radiographic procedures.

c. In the radiology department, you need to possess a thorough knowledge of
medical and anatomical terminology so that you can communicate quickly and
accurately with other members of the health care team. This knowledge will enable you
to evaluate the situations in which you carry out your responsibilities, and to take the
appropriate actions. For example, suppose that an ambulatory patient presents a
request slip that shows a provisional diagnosis of arthritis with ankylosis of the right
shoulder and elbow. You should immediately recognize that the patient has a fixed and
inflamed right shoulder and elbow. This knowledge will influence the manner in which
the exposure is made. You should do everything possible to position the patient in such
a way as to cause minimum discomfort. In addition, you need to have sufficient
knowledge of anatomy to interpret clinical requests correctly and to determine if the
anatomical structures represented in the finished radiograph fulfill the requirements of
the original request.

1-2. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

a. General Terminology. The foundation for radiographic anatomy and allied
subjects is centered primarily in medical terminology. As an X-ray technologist, you
should know the meaning of the following general terms:

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(1) Science. Systematized and classified knowledge.

(2) -ology (suffix). A science or branch of knowledge.

(3) Regional or topographical anatomy. The study of separate parts of the
body.

(4) Systemic anatomy. The study of systems and associated parts.
Systemic anatomy is divided into these subdivisions:

(a) Osteology. The study of the bones.

(b) Arthrology. The study of the articulations or joints.

(b) Myology. The study of the muscular system.

(c) Neurology. The study of the nervous system.

(d) Angiology. The study of the vascular/lymphatic vessels.

(5) Embryology. The study of the origin of the structures of the body.

(6) Physiology. The study of the functions and activities of the body.

(7) Pathology. The study of changes in the structures or function of the
body caused by disease or trauma.

(8) Radiology. That branch of medical science that deals with the use of
radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of injuries and diseases.

b. Normal Anatomical Position. To avoid misunderstanding, a standard
position of the human body (figure 1-1) is arbitrarily taken to be the erect (standing)
position with feet flat on the floor, heels together, upper extremities at the sides, and
palms, toes, and eyes directed forward. This is the anatomical position.

c. Terms Dealing with Aspects and Directions.

(1) Anterior, frontal, or ventrum. The front side of the body.

(2) Posterior or dorsum. The back, or dorsum, of the body.

(3) Median. Pertaining to the midline of the body (figure1-1).

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Figure 1-1. Medial-lateral relationships.

X is lateral to Y and Z. Y is medial to X and lateral to Z. In the example shown, the
body is in the normal anatomical position.

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(4) Lateral. Away from the midline or lateral side of the body (figure 1-1). In
the forearm, the ulna is medial to the radius and the radius is lateral to the ulna. The
thumb is on the lateral aspect of the hand.

(5) Proximal. Nearest to a point under consideration or the point of origin.
In the case of the extremities, the articulations are considered points of origin (figure
1-2). For instance, the proximal end of the humerus is the upper end.

(6) Distal. Remoteness from a point under consideration or the point of
origin; the opposite of proximal. In the case of the extremities, joints are considered
points of origin (figure 1-2).

(7) Superior. Above.

(8) Inferior. Below.

(9) Cephalic Toward the head (figure 1-3A).

(10) Caudad. Toward the feet (figure 1-3B).

d. Radiographic Usage of Certain Terms. In diagnostic X-ray services, such
terms as anteroposterior (AP) or posteroanterior (PA) are frequently used. The prefix
indicates the surface from which the central ray (CR) enters the part and the suffix
indicates the surface from which the CR emerges.

e. Planes of the Body (figure 1-4).

(1) Sagittal plane. Any vertical plane that divides the body into right and left
unequal portions.

(2) Median or midsagittal plane. The vertical plane that divides the body
into right and left halves.

(3) Frontal or coronal plane. Vertical plane that divides the body into front
and rear portions.

(4) Transverse or horizontal plane. Any horizontal plane that divides the
body into upper and lower portions. The level of this plane must be given.

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