Anatomy Essentials For Dummies

195 Pages·2019·4.94 MB·English

by  Maggie Norris

Anatomy
Essentials
by Maggie Norris and
Donna Rae Siegfried with
Medhane Cumbay
Anatomy Essentials For Dummies®
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2019932065
ISBN 978-1-119-59015-6 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-59007-1 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-59021-7 (ebk)
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents at a Glance
Introduction .......................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1: Focusing on the Framework of Anatomy and Physiology ..................5
Anatomy Essentials CHAPTER 2: Examining Cell Biology Basics ...............................................................23
CHAPTER 3: Scoping Out the Body’s Structural Layers ...........................................41
CHAPTER 4: Getting to the Heart of the Circulatory System ..................................65
CHAPTER 5: Taking a Deep Breath with the Respiratory System ..........................85
CHAPTER 6: Getting on Track with the Digestive System .......................................97
CHAPTER 7: Passing through the Urinary System .................................................111
CHAPTER 8: Making Babies: The Reproductive System ........................................125
CHAPTER 9: Exploring the Nervous, Endocrine, and Immune Systems .............143
CHAPTER 10: Ten Phabulous Physiology Phacts .....................................................161
Index.....................................................................................................................167

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1
About This Book ...................................................................................1
Conventions Used in This Book ..........................................................2
Foolish Assumptions ............................................................................2
Icons Used in This Book .......................................................................2
Where to Go from Here .......................................................................3
Focusing on the Framework of
CHAPTER 1:
Anatomy and Physiology .......................................................5
Looking at the Science of Anatomy and Physiology ........................6
Fitting anatomy and physiology into science ..............................6
Breaking down the subsets of anatomy ......................................6
Familiarizing Yourself with Anatomical Jargon .................................7
Arranging Organisms by Levels of Organization ............................10
Level I: The cellular level ..............................................................10
Level II: The tissue level ................................................................10
Level III: The organ level ...............................................................12
Level IV: The organ system level .................................................12
Level V: The organism level .........................................................12
Metabolism: Keeping Body Processes in Motion ...........................12
Seeing why your cells metabolize ...............................................13
Understanding the process behind cellular metabolism.........14
Balancing Bodily Reactions with Homeostasis ...............................18
Regulating body temperature .....................................................18
Maintaining a fluid balance .........................................................19
Examining blood glucose concentration ....................................20
Gauging variables that keep the body balanced.......................21
CHAPTER 2: Examining Cell Biology Basics .........................................23
How Cells Spend Their Time .............................................................23
Creating new cells .........................................................................24
Manufacturing tissues ..................................................................24
Constructing and moving products ............................................24
Transmitting signals around the body .......................................25
Exploring Eukaryotic Cells .................................................................25
Enclosing it all with the cell membrane .....................................27
Relinquishing control to the nucleus ..........................................29
Table of Contents v
Giving the organelles a place to hang in the cytoplasm ..........29
Seeing how mitochondria provide energy to cells ...................29
Producing protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) .............30
Taking out the trash with lysosomes ..........................................30
Macromolecules, the Building Blocks of Life ..................................31
Naming the nucleic acids and nucleotides ................................31
Energizing organisms with polysaccharides ..............................32
Peeking at proteins .......................................................................32
Discovering How Genetic Material Makes
You Who You Are ................................................................................33
Cycling through Life, Cell-Style..........................................................34
Progressing through interphase .................................................34
Pushing ahead to DNA replication ..............................................34
Entering mitosis ............................................................................35
Forming Tissues from Cells ...............................................................37
Linking structures with connective tissue ..................................37
Reviewing types of epithelial tissue ............................................38
CHAPTER 3: Scoping Out the Body’s Structural Layers .............41
The Skinny on Your Skeleton ............................................................42
Examining the skeleton’s makeup ..............................................42
Surveying joints and their movements ......................................45
The 411 on the Muscular System .....................................................48
Seeing what your skeletal muscles do .......................................48
Taking a look at tissue types ........................................................51
Making muscles contract: The sliding filament model .............56
An Introduction to the Integument ..................................................58
Studying up on the structure of the integument ......................59
Accessorizing your skin ................................................................62
Getting to the Heart of the
CHAPTER 4:
Circulatory System ...................................................................65
Analyzing the Cardiac Anatomy ........................................................65
Examining the shape of the heart ..............................................66
Looking at the heart’s tissues ......................................................68
Observing how blood flows to (and from) the heart ................69
Meet Your Blood Vessels ...................................................................70
Beginning at the arteries ..............................................................71
Moving on to the capillaries ........................................................72
Traveling through the veins .........................................................74
vi Anatomy Essentials For Dummies
Discovering What’s in Your Blood ....................................................76
Plasma: Your protein carrier .......................................................76
Red blood cells: In charge of moving O and CO .....................77
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Platelets: The clotting cells ...........................................................78
White blood cells: The body’s defenders ...................................78
Focusing on the Physiology of Circulation ......................................78
The cardiac cycle: Conducting electricity ...................................79
On the beating path: Blood flow through the
heart and body ..............................................................................81
Measuring the importance of blood pressure ..........................83
Hemostasis: Stopping the flow....................................................84
Taking a Deep Breath with
CHAPTER 5:
the Respiratory System ........................................................85
Surveying the Duties of the Respiratory System ............................85
Nosing around Your Respiratory Anatomy .....................................86
An entrance to the system: The nose .........................................87
Passing through the pharynx ......................................................87
Winding through the windpipe, or trachea ...............................88
The lungs: The pair that just don’t quit ......................................89
Exchanging gases at the respiratory membrane ......................90
The comptroller of ventilation: The diaphragm ........................91
Discovering the Ins and Outs of Breathing .....................................92
Breathing under normal conditions ...........................................92
Seeing how stress affects breathing ...........................................94
Controlling your breathing ..........................................................94
Getting on Track with the
CHAPTER 6:
Digestive System ........................................................................97
Your Digestive System in a Nutshell ................................................98
Moving through the Structures of the Digestive Tract ..................99
Allowing entry: The mouth ..........................................................99
Sending food to the stomach: The pharynx
and esophagus ............................................................................100
Lining it up: The walls .................................................................101
Breaking it all down: The stomach ............................................102
Importing and exporting: The intestines .................................103
Doing the Chemical Breakdown .....................................................105
The liver ........................................................................................106
The pancreas ...............................................................................108
Digestive fluids, enzymes, and hormones ...............................109
Table of Contents vii
CHAPTER 7: Passing through the Urinary System ......................111
Running Down the Urinary System’s Responsibilities .................111
Surveying the Structures of the Urinary System ..........................113
Creating urine: The kidneys .......................................................113
Holding and releasing: The urinary tract .................................115
The Yellow River ...............................................................................117
Looking at the composition of urine ........................................117
Filtering the blood .......................................................................118
Reabsorbing selectively ..............................................................119
Expelling urine .............................................................................120
Maintaining Homeostasis ................................................................120
Connecting fluid balance and blood pressure ........................121
Regulating blood pH ...................................................................122
CHAPTER 8: Making Babies: The Reproductive System ..........125
Surveying the Functions of the Reproductive System .................125
Making Gametes ...............................................................................126
Crossing over with meiosis ........................................................127
Producing female gametes: Ova ...............................................127
Developing male gametes: Sperm ............................................129
Merging ova and sperm to determine sex ..............................129
The Egg-citing Female Reproductive System ................................130
A woman’s reproductive organs ...............................................130
A woman’s (approximately) monthly cycle ..............................133
Furthering Fertilization: The Male Reproductive System ............136
A man’s reproductive organs ....................................................137
Seminal fluid and ejaculation ....................................................138
Pausing for Pregnancy .....................................................................139
Achieving fertilization .................................................................139
Succeeding with implantation ...................................................140
Adapting to pregnancy ...............................................................140
Going through labor and delivery .............................................142
Exploring the Nervous, Endocrine,
CHAPTER 9:
and Immune Systems ..........................................................143
Controlling It All: The Nervous System ..........................................144
Surveying the neural tissues .....................................................144
Traveling the integrated networks ............................................147
Sending Messages Chemical-Style with the
Endocrine System .............................................................................149
Homing in on hormones ............................................................150
Grouping the glands ...................................................................152
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