Anatomy and Physiology-OpenStax College-with EDITS

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Anatomy & Physiology
OpenStax College
Rice University
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Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Unit 1: Levels of Organization
Chapter1: An Introduction to the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Functions of Human Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4 Requirements for Human Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.5 Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.6 Anatomical Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.7 Medical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter2: The Chemical Level of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2 Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Chapter3: The Cellular Level of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1 The Cell Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.4 Protein Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5 Cell Growth and Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.6 Cellular Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Chapter4: The Tissue Level of Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.1 Types of Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.2 Epithelial Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Unit 2: Support and Movement
Chapter5: The Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.1 Layers of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
6.2 Bone Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.3 Bone Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.4 Bone Formation and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems . 231
Chapter7: Axial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
7.2 The Skull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.3 The Vertebral Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.4 The Thoracic Cage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Chapter8: The Appendicular Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
8.1 The Pectoral Girdle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Chapter9: Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
9.1 Classification of Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.2 Fibrous Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
9.4 Synovial Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
9.5 Types of Body Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
9.7 Development of Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Chapter10: Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
10.2 Skeletal Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
10.8 Smooth Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Chapter11: The Muscular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems420
11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control
Chapter12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
12.2 Nervous Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
12.4 The Action Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
12.5 Communication Between Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Chapter13: Anatomy of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
13.1 The Embryologic Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
13.2 The Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
Chapter14: The Somatic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
14.1 Sensory Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
14.2 Central Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586
14.3 Motor Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Chapter15: The Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
15.3 Central Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Chapter16: The Neurological Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
16.2 The Mental Status Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Chapter17: The Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
17.2 Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
17.4 The Thyroid Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
17.5 The Parathyroid Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
17.6 The Adrenal Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
17.7 The Pineal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722
17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723
17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
Chapter18: The Cardiovascular System: Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
18.1 An Overview of Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
18.2 Production of the Formed Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748
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18.3 Erythrocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
18.5 Hemostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
18.6 Blood Typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Chapter19: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
19.1 Heart Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
19.3 Cardiac Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
19.4 Cardiac Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
19.5 Development of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832
Chapter20: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . 843
20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
20.3 Capillary Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
20.5 Circulatory Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877
20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909
Chapter21: The Lymphatic and Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925
21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926
21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types . . . . . 945
21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . 953
21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses . . . . . . . . 962
21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
Chapter22: The Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
22.2 The Lungs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
22.3 The Process of Breathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
22.4 Gas Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
22.5 Transport of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011
22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
Chapter23: The Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
23.1 Overview of the Digestive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032
23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
23.4 The Stomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
23.5 The Small and Large Intestines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder . . . . . . . . 1067
23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071
Chapter24: Metabolism and Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092
24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1097
24.3 Lipid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
24.4 Protein Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115
24.5 Metabolic States of the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
24.6 Energy and Heat Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1124
24.7 Nutrition and Diet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1126
Chapter25: The Urinary System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141
25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149
25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1158
25.6 Tubular Reabsorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1161
25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1170
25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173
25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1176
Chapter26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187
26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188
26.2 Water Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1196
26.3 Electrolyte Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
26.4 Acid-Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204
26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209
Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
Chapter27: The Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228
27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
Chapter28: Development and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1255
28.1 Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
28.2 Embryonic Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260
28.3 Fetal Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271
28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276
28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1282
28.6 Lactation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1285
28.7 Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327
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1
PREFACE
WelcometoHumanAnatomyandPhysiology,anOpenStaxCollegeresource.Wecreatedthistextbookwithseveralgoals
inmind:accessibility,customization,andstudentengagement—helpingstudentsreachhighlevelsofacademicscholarship.
Instructors and students alike will find that this textbook offers a thorough introduction to the content in an accessible
format.
About OpenStax College
OpenStax College is a nonprofit organization committed to improving student access to quality learning materials. Our
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Cost
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About Human Anatomy and Physiology
Human Anatomy and Physiology is designed for the two-semester anatomy and physiology course taken by life science
andalliedhealthstudents.Itsupportseffectiveteachingandlearning,andpreparesstudentsforfurtherlearningandfuture
careers.Thetextfocusesonthemostimportantconceptsandaimstominimizedistractingstudentswithmoreminordetails.
Thedevelopmentchoicesforthistextbookweremadewiththeguidanceofhundredsoffacultywhoaredeeplyinvolved
inteachingthiscourse.Thesechoicesledtoinnovationsinart,terminology,careerorientation,practicalapplications,and
multimedia-basedlearning,allwithagoalofincreasingrelevancetostudents.Westrovetomakethedisciplinemeaningful
and memorable to students, so that they can draw from it a working knowledge that will enrich their future studies.
Coverage and Scope
TheunitsofourHumanAnatomyandPhysiologytextbookadheretothescopeandsequencefollowedbymosttwo-semester
courses nationwide.
Unit 1: Levels of Organization
Chapters 1–4 provide students with a basic understanding of human anatomy and physiology, including its language, the
levelsoforganization,andthebasicsofchemistryandcellbiology.Thesechaptersprovideafoundationforthefurtherstudy
2
of the body. They also focus particularly on how the body’s regions, important chemicals, and cells maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body
Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
Unit 2: Support and Movement
InChapters 5–11,students explore the skin, the largest organ ofthe body,and examine the body’sskeletal and muscular
systems, following a traditional sequence oftopics. This unit is the first to walk students through specific systems ofthe
body, and as it does so, it maintains a focus on homeostasis as well as those diseases and conditions that can disrupt it.
Chapter 5 The Integumentary System
Chapter 6 Bone and Skeletal Tissue
Chapter 7 The Axial Skeleton
Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 9 Joints
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
Chapter 11 The Muscular System
Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control
Chapters12–17helpstudentsanswerquestionsaboutnervousandendocrinesystemcontrolandregulation.Inabreakwith
the traditional sequence of topics, the special senses are integrated into the chapter on the somatic nervous system. The
chapterontheneurologicalexaminationoffersstudentsauniqueapproachtounderstandingnervoussystemfunctionusing
five simple but powerful diagnostic tests.
Chapter 12 Introduction to the Nervous System
Chapter 13 The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Chapter 14 The Somatic Nervous System
Chapter 15 The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam
Chapter 17 The Endocrine System
Unit 4: Fluids and Transport
In Chapters 18–21, students examine the principal means of transport for materials needed to support the human body,
regulate its internal environment, and provide protection.
Chapter 18 Blood
Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Chapter 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 21 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange
InChapters22–26,studentsdiscovertheinteractionbetweenbodysystemsandtheoutsideenvironmentfortheexchange
ofmaterials,thecaptureofenergy,thereleaseofwaste,andtheoverallmaintenanceoftheinternalsystemsthatregulate
the exchange. The explanations and illustrations are particularly focused on how structure relates to function.
Chapter 22 The Respiratory System
Chapter 23 The Digestive System
Chapter 24 Nutrition and Metabolism
Chapter 25 The Urinary System
Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance
Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life
Theclosingchaptersexaminethemaleandfemalereproductivesystems,describetheprocessofhumandevelopmentand
the different stages of pregnancy, and end with a review of the mechanisms of inheritance.
Chapter 27 The Reproductive System
Chapter 28 Development and Genetic Inheritance
Pedagogical Foundation and Features
HumanAnatomyandPhysiologyisdesignedtopromotescientificliteracy.Throughoutthetext,youwillfindfeaturesthat
engage the students by taking selected topics a step further.
Homeostatic Imbalancesdiscusses the effects and results of imbalances in the body.
Disorders showcases a disorder that is relevant to the body system at hand. This feature may focus on a specific
disorder, or a set of related disorders.
Diseasesshowcases a disease that is relevant to the body system at hand.
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