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EIGHTH EDITION ROD R. SEELEY IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY TRENT D. STEPHENS IDAHO STATE UNIVERSITY PHILIP TATE PHOENIX COLLEGE CONTRIBUTIONS BY: Shylaja R. Akkaraju Bronx Community College Christine M. Eckel Salt Lake Community College Jennifer L. Regan University of Southern Mississippi Andrew F. Russo University of Iowa Cinnamon L. VanPutte Southwestern Illinois College PHYSIOLOGY & ANATOMY Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd i see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd i 1/5/07 1:53:15 AM 1/5/07 1:53:15 AM CONFIRMING PAGES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8 7 www.mhhe.com ISBN 978–0–07–296557–5 MHID 0–07–296557–6 Publisher: Michelle Watnick Senior Sponsoring Editor: James F. Connely Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts Senior Developmental Editor: Kathleen R. Loewenberg Marketing Manager: Lynn M. Breithaupt Lead Project Manager: Mary E. Powers Senior Production Supervisor: Laura Fuller Senior Media Project Manager: Tammy Juran Lead Media Producer: John J. Theobald Designer: Rick D. Noel Cover Designer: Terry Julien Interior Designer: Elise Lansdon Cover Illustration: Scott Holladay Senior Photo Research Coordinator: John C. Leland Photo Research: Jerry Marshall Compositor: Techbooks Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor World Dubuque, IA The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seeley, Rod R. Anatomy & physiology / Rod R. Seeley, Philip Tate, Trent D. Stephens. – 8th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–0–07–296557–5 — ISBN 0–07–296557–6 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human anatomy. I. Tate, Philip. II. Stephens, Trent D. III. Title. IV. Title: Anatomy and physiology. QP34.5.S4 2008 612--dc22 2006102703 see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd ii see65576_fm_i-xxii.indd ii 1/5/07 2:05:52 AM 1/5/07 2:05:52 AM CONFIRMING PAGES DEDICATION his text is dedicated to the students of human anatomy and physiology. Helping students develop a working knowledge of anatomy and physiology is a satisfying challenge, and we have a great appreciation for the effort and enthusi- asm of so many who want to know more. It is difficult to imagine anything more exciting, or more important, than being involved in the process of helping people learn about the subject we love. T see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd iii see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd iii 12/27/06 1:56:27 PM 12/27/06 1:56:27 PM CONFIRMING PAGES ABOUT THE AUTHORS Rod Seeley, Trent Stephens, and Phil Tate in Dubuque, Ia, where they met to discuss the plan for the eighth edition. The bluffs of the Mississippi River can be seen in the background retreat to collaborate on their textbooks. The Grand Tetons are pictured in the background. ROD R. SEELEY Professor of Physiology at Idaho State University Rod has extensive experience teaching introductory biology, anatomy and physiology, pathobiology, endocrinology, and more advanced physiology courses. He has won numerous teaching awards and is actively involved in the supervision of doctoral students in biological education. With a B.S. in zoology from Idaho State University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in zoology from Utah State University, Rod has built a solid reputation as an author of journal and other professionally related articles, as well as a public lecturer. TRENT D. STEPHENS Professor of Anatomy and Embryology at Idaho State University An award-winning educator and researcher, Trent Stephens teaches human anatomy, human head and neck anatomy, and human embryology. He also has many years of experience teaching neurobiology. His skill as a biological illustrator has greatly influenced the illustrations in this textbook. He has a B.S. in microbiology and a B.S. in zoology, as well as an M.S. in zoology from Brigham Young University. His Ph.D. in anatomy is from the University of Pennsylvania. Trent is actively involved in research on limb development and birth defects caused by thalidomide. He has authored numerous papers in these fields. PHILIP TATE Instructor of Anatomy and Physiology at Phoenix College Phil Tate earned a B.S. in zoology, a B.S. in mathematics, and an M.S. in ecology at San Diego State University and a Doctor of Arts (D.A.) in biological education from Idaho State University. He is an award- winning instructor who has taught a wide spectrum of students at the four-year and community college levels. Phil has served as the annual conference coordinator, president-elect, president, and past president of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). Special Contributions By: Shylaja R. Akkaraju Bronx Community College Christine M. Eckel Salt Lake Community College Jennifer L. Regan University of Southern Mississippi Andrew F. Russo University of Iowa Cinnamon L. VanPutte South western Illnois College iv see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd iv see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd iv 12/27/06 1:56:28 PM 12/27/06 1:56:28 PM CONFIRMING PAGES PART 1 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 1 The Human Organism 1 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 23 3 Cell Biology and Genetics 55 4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 109 PART 2 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 5 Integumentary System 149 6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue 173 7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy 203 8 Articulations and Movement 252 9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology 278 10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy 320 PART 3 INTEGRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 374 12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 411 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves 443 14 Integration of Nervous System Functions 476 15 The Special Senses 514 16 Autonomic Nervous System 564 17 Functional Organization of the Endocrine System 585 18 Endocrine Glands 609 BRIEF CONTENTS PART 4 REGULATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 19 Cardiovascular System: Blood 650 20 Cardiovascular System: The Heart 678 21 Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation and Regulation 721 22 Lymphatic System and Immunity 782 23 Respiratory System 825 24 Digestive System 873 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation 927 26 Urinary System 961 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance 1004 PART 5 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 28 Reproductive System 1031 29 Development, Growth, and Aging 1081 APPENDICES A Periodic Table A-0 B Scientific Notation A-0 C Solution Concentrations A-0 D pH A-0 E Answers to Review and Comprehension Questions A-0 F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-0 G Answers to Predict Questions A-0 v see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd v see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd v 12/27/06 1:56:33 PM 12/27/06 1:56:33 PM CONFIRMING PAGES PREFACE x 4 Histology: The Study of Tissues 109 Tissues and Histology 110 Embryonic Tissue 110 Epithelial Tissue 110 Connective Tissue 120 Muscle Tissue 134 Nervous Tissue 136 Membranes 137 Inflammation 138 Tissue Repair 140 Tissue and Aging 142 PART 2 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT 5 Integumentary System 149 Overview of the Integumentary System 150 Skin 150 Hypodermis 157 Accessory Skin Structures 158 Summary of Integumentary System Functions 163 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System 165 6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue 173 Functions of the Skeletal System 174 Cartilage 174 Bone Histology 175 Bone Anatomy 180 Bone Development 183 Bone Growth 185 Bone Remodeling 191 CONTENTS PART 1 ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 1 The Human Organism 1 Anatomy and Physiology 2 Structural and Functional Organization 2 Characteristics of Life 6 Biomedical Research 9 Terminology and the Body Plan 12 2 The Chemical Basis of Life 23 Basic Chemistry 24 Intermolecular forces 30 Chemical Reactions and Energy 32 Inorganic Chemistry 36 Organic Chemistry 39 3 Cell Biology and Genetics 55 Functions of the Cell 56 How We See Cells 58 Plasma Membrane 58 Membrane Lipids 58 Membrane Proteins 58 Movement Through the Plasma Membrane 64 Endocytosis and Exocytosis 71 Cytoplasm 76 The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic Organelles 77 Genes and Gene Expression 86 Cell Life Cycle 91 Genetics 93 vi see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd vi see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd vi 12/27/06 1:56:35 PM 12/27/06 1:56:35 PM CONFIRMING PAGES vii CONTENTS Bone Repair 192 Calcium Homeostasis 194 Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System 198 7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy 203 General Considerations 204 Axial Skeleton 206 Appendicular Skeleton 233 8 Articulations and Movement 252 Naming Joints 253 Classes of Joints 253 Types of Movement 259 Range of Motion 263 Description of Selected Joints 263 Effects of Aging on the Joints 272 9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology 278 Functions of the Muscular System 279 General Functional Characteristics of Muscle 279 Skeletal Muscle Structure 279 Sliding Filament Model 285 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 285 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle 295 Types of Muscle Contractions 299 Fatigue 301 Energy Sources 303 Slow and Fast Fibers 305 Heat Production 307 Smooth Muscle 307 Cardiac Muscle 311 Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 312 10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy 320 General Principles 321 Head Muscles 327 Trunk Muscles 340 Upper Limb Muscles 346 Lower Limb Muscles 359 PART 3 INTEGRATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS 11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue 374 Functions of the Nervous System 375 Divisions of the Nervous System 375 Cells of the Nervous System 377 Organization of Nervous Tissue 382 Electric Signals 382 The Synapse 394 Neuronal Pathways and Circuits 404 12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 411 Spinal Cord 412 Reflexes 415 Interactions with Spinal Cord Reflexes 421 Structure of Peripheral Nerves 421 Spinal Nerves 422 13 Brain and Cranial Nerves 443 Development of the CNS 445 Brainstem 445 Cerebellum 449 Diencephalon 449 Cerebrum 453 Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 456 Blood Supply to the Brain 461 Cranial Nerves 462 14 Integration of Nervous System Functions 476 Sensation 477 Control of Skeletal Muscles 490 Brainstem Functions 498 Other Brain Functions 500 Effects of Aging on the Nervous System 506 15 The Special Senses 514 Olfaction 515 Taste 518 Visual System 521 Hearing and Balance 542 Effects of Aging on the Special Senses 556 16 Autonomic Nervous System 564 Contrasting the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 565 Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System 565 Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System 572 Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System 576 Functional Generalizations About the Autonomic Nervous System 578 see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd vii see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd vii 12/27/06 1:56:37 PM 12/27/06 1:56:37 PM CONFIRMING PAGES Regulation of the Heart 705 Heart and Homeostasis 709 Effects of Aging on the Heart 711 21 Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation and Regulation 721 Functions of the Peripheral Circulation 722 General Features of Blood Vessel Structure 722 Pulmonary Circulation 728 Systemic Circulation: Arteries 728 Systemic Circulation: Veins 739 Dynamics of Blood Circulation 751 Physiology of Systemic Circulation 755 Control of Blood Flow in Tissues 761 Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure 765 22 Lymphatic System and Immunity 782 Lymphatic System 783 Immunity 792 Innate Immunity 792 Adaptive Immunity 798 Immune Interactions 814 Immunotherapy 814 Acquired Immunity 816 Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity 818 23 Respiratory System 825 Functions of the Respiratory System 826 Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory System 826 Ventilation 841 Measurement of Lung Function 846 Physical Principles of Gas Exchange 848 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood 851 Regulation of Ventilation 856 Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise 863 Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System 863 24 Digestive System 873 Anatomy of the Digestive System 874 Functions of the Digestive System 874 Histology of the Digestive Tract 876 Regulation of the Digestive System 877 Peritoneum 878 Oral Cavity 880 17 Functional Organization of the Endocrine System 585 General Characteristics of the Endocrine System 586 Chemical Structure of Hormones 587 Control of Secretion Rate 587 Transport and Distribution in the Body 593 Metabolism and Excretion 594 Interaction of Hormones with Their Target Tissues 595 Classes of Receptors 597 18 Endocrine Glands 609 Functions of the Endocrine System 610 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 610 Thyroid Gland 619 Parathyroid Glands 624 Adrenal Glands 627 Pancreas 632 Hormonal Regulation of Nutrients 638 Hormones of the Reproductive System 640 Hormones of the Pineal Body 641 Hormones of the Thymus 642 Hormones of the Gastrointestinal Tract 642 Hormonelike Substances 642 Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System 643 PART 4 REGULATIONS AND MAINTENANCE 19 Cardiovascular System: Blood 650 Functions of Blood 651 Plasma 652 Formed Elements 653 Hemostasis 662 Blood Grouping 667 Diagnostic Blood Tests 671 20 Cardiovascular System: The Heart 678 Functions of the Heart 679 Size, Shape, and Location of the Heart 679 Anatomy of the Heart 681 Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart 687 Histology 689 Electrical Properties 692 Cardiac Cycle 695 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 703 viii CONTENTS see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd viii see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd viii 12/27/06 1:56:38 PM 12/27/06 1:56:38 PM CONFIRMING PAGES ix CONTENTS Pharynx 886 Esophagus 886 Swallowing 886 Stomach 888 Small Intestine 896 Liver 899 Gallbladder 904 Pancreas 905 Large Intestine 907 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport 912 Effects of Aging on the Digestive System 920 25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation 927 Nutrition 928 Metabolism 937 Carbohydrate Metabolism 938 Lipid Metabolism 946 Protein Metabolism 948 Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules 950 Metabolic States 951 Metabolic Rate 953 Body Temperature Regulation 954 26 Urinary System 961 Functions of the Urinary System 962 Kidney Anatomy and Histology 962 Urine Production 970 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume 983 Plasma Clearance and Tubular Maximum 991 Urine Movement 992 Effects of Aging on the Kidneys 996 27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance 1004 Body Fluids 1005 Regulation of Body Fluid Concentration and Volume 1006 Regulation of Intracellular Fluid Composition 1011 Regulation of Specific Electrolytes in the Extracellular Fluid 1012 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance 1020 PART 5 REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 28 Reproductive System 1031 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 1033 Physiology of Male Reproduction 1045 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 1049 Physiology of Female Reproduction 1059 Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System 1071 29 Development, Growth, and Aging 1081 Prenatal Development 1082 Parturition 1104 The Newborn 1106 Lactation 1110 First Year After Birth 1111 Life Stages 1111 Aging 1112 Death 1113 APPENDICES A Periodic Table A-0 B Scientific Notation A-0 C Solution Concentrations A-0 D pH A-0 E Answers to Review and Comprehension Questions A-0 F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions A-0 G Answers to Predict Questions A-0 GLOSSARY G-0 CREDITS C-0 INDEX I-0 see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd ix see65576_fm_i-xxi.indd ix 12/27/06 1:56:39 PM 12/27/06 1:56:39 PM CONFIRMING PAGES