Anatomy and Human Movement 6th ed. - N. Palastanga, et. al., (Churchill Livingstone, 2012) WW

635 Pages·2012·34.91 MB·English

Anatomy and Human Movement

Commissioning Editor: Rita Demetriou-Swanwick
Development Editor: Sally Davies
Project Manager: Elouise Ball
Designer/Design Direction: Charles Gray
Illustration Manager: Gillian Richards
Original Illustration: Keyword
New and Updated Artwork: Cactus, Jennifer Rose
Illustration Colouring: Cactus

Anatomy and
Human Movement
Structure and Function

SIXTH EDITION

Nigel Palastanga MA BA FCSP DMS DipTP

Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Wales; formerly Director of Physiotherapy Education,

Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

Roger Soames BSc PhD

Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, College of Life Sciences,
University of Dundee, Dundee, UK

Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2012

# 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).

First edition 1989
First published as a paperback edition 1990
Second edition 1994
Third edition 1998
Fourth edition 2002
Fifth edition 2006
Sixth edition 2012

ISBN 978 0 7020 3553 1

International ISBN 978 0 7020 4053 5

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration
of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own
experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.

Printed in China

Contents

Preface to the first edition ....................................vii
Preface to the sixth edition.................................... ix
Acknowledgements.................................................. xi
About the authors..................................................xiii

1. Introduction................................................... 1

Terminology .........................................................1
Terms used in describing movement...............2
Nervous system....................................................3
Components of the musculoskeletal system...8
Skin and its appendages.................................. 22
Early embryology.............................................. 29

2. The upper limb............................................35

Introduction ...................................................... 36
Development of the musculoskeletal
system ................................................................. 36
Bones................................................................... 40
Muscles ............................................................... 52
Joints .................................................................101
Nerve supply....................................................183
Blood supply ...................................................195
Lymphatics.......................................................198

3. The lower limb ..........................................201

Introduction ....................................................202
Development of the musculoskeletal
system ...............................................................203

Bones.................................................................205
Muscles .............................................................223
Joints .................................................................275
Nerve supply....................................................384
The sacral plexus.............................................395
Blood supply ...................................................396
Lymphatics.......................................................402

4. The trunk and neck ..................................405

Introduction ....................................................406
Bones.................................................................412
Muscles .............................................................423
Joints .................................................................445
Nerve supply....................................................486
The cardiovascular system ............................507
The respiratory system...................................514
The digestive system.......................................521
The urogenital system....................................530
The endocrine system ....................................540

5. Head and brain .........................................543

Bones.................................................................543
Muscles .............................................................550
Joints .................................................................559
The ear, eye and brain ...................................565

Index ...................................................................... 593

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Preface

to the first edition

We have designed and written this book for the student of anatomy who is concerned with the study
of the living body and who wishes to use this knowledge functionally for a greater understanding of
the mechanisms which allow movement to take place. Traditional anatomy texts are written as an
adjunct to the study of the human body in the dissecting room, but only the surgeon has the advan-
tage of directly viewing living musculoskeletal structures. The vast majority of students interested in
musculoskeletal anatomy as well as those involved with human movement and its disorders are con-
fronted by an intact skin and therefore must visualize the structures involved by palpation and anal-
ysis of movement. Anatomy and Human Movement presents the musculoskeletal structures as a living
dynamic system – an approach lacking in many existing textbooks. The applied anatomy of the mus-
culoskeletal system occupies the greater part of the book and is built up from a study of the bones and
muscles (which are grouped according to their major functions, rather than as seen in the dissecting
room) to a consideration of joints and their biomechanics. Anatomical descriptions of each joint are
given with a detailed explanation of how it functions, the forces generated across it and how it might
fail. We have placed great emphasis on the joints, as these are of major concern to those interested in
active movement and passive manipulation, and we give examples of common traumatic or patho-
logical problems affecting the structures described. Where possible, we describe palpation and ana-
lyse movement with respect to the joints and muscles involved, as well as any accessory movements.
The course and distribution of the major peripheral nerves and blood vessels, together with the lym-
phatic drainage of the region, are given at the end of each relevant section. There are separate chapters
on embryology and the skin and its appendages, and we have included, in the introduction, a section
on the terminology used in the book. There is also an account of the structure and function of the
nervous system written by Nikolai Bogduk whose contribution has been extremely valuable.
The format of the book matches a page of text to a page of illustrations, whenever possible, and we
hope that this will allow the reader to confirm his or her understanding of the text with the visual
information provided. The book is extensively illustrated with large, clear, fully labelled diagrams,
all of which have been specially prepared. In the sections covering the joints and biomechanics,
the illustrations have been drawn by Roger Soames, and these are particularly detailed as they pull
together the anatomy from the previous parts of that chapter.
We hope that this new approach to the teaching of anatomy will serve to fill the gap which has
always existed for those who have to learn their anatomy on a living subject and eventually have
to determine their diagnoses and apply their treatments through an intact skin.

Nigel Palastanga
Derek Field
Roger Soames
1989

vii

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Preface

to the sixth edition

In this sixth edition of Anatomy and Human Movement, we have made a number of small but signif-
icant changes, mainly to the text, which are designed to further improve the usefulness of this already
successful book. In this edition, there have been further improvements to the illustrations and
we have added some new illustrations. Where possible, structures such as ligaments or cartilage have
been coloured the same throughout the book, in an attempt to further enhance the clarity of
illustrations. The book has progressed a long way since the first edition in 1989 when only black
and white was used throughout the text.
As regards the content, we have continued to engage with the community of users of the book,
namely, students, teachers, practitioners, and have responded to yet more suggestions. As a result
of this very positive feedback, there has been some minor reordering within the text and expansion
of some sections, namely those on joint replacement.
The use of Summary Boxes at the end of various sections has been retained: they are intended to be
used as a quick aid to revision when the majority of the subject area has been learned, but feedback
suggests that some will use them to get a general overview before starting to tackle the detailed text.
Helping individuals to understand, remember and apply anatomy has always been the prime purpose
of this book.
In response to the advances in the range of electronic aids to learning, the sixth edition also gives
automatic access (unlocked by the unique PIN found on the inside front cover) to the e-book via
Pageburst, allowing users to quickly search the entire book, make notes, add highlights and study
more efficiently. In addition to this, the authors have helped create a separate five-hour modular
e-learning course in functional human anatomy. At present, this is only available for purchase by
universities and other institutions. This is presented in short lesson chunks following the body’s re-
gional structure – ideal for the student to study at their own pace and time and the lecturer to assign
accordingly. Learning is delivered via outcome measures, animation, video, quizzes, activity analyses
and exams.
Whether the book is being used by undergraduates, postgraduates, lecturers or practitioners, the
changes and additions made to this edition are designed to make it even more useful to your learning,
teaching or practice. Changes to the way education is managed and delivered require students and
educators to be flexible in their learning. It is recognized that most learning takes place outside
the classroom, and this requires the provision of high-quality material, both electronic and hard copy,
to support learning wherever it is taking place. This edition of Anatomy and Human Movement and its
accompanying electronic resources are designed to facilitate study in this new environment of varied

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