Anatomy and examination in ocular trauma PDF
Preview Anatomy and examination in ocular trauma
Ocular Trauma Series Editor: Hua Yan Hua Yan Editor Anatomy and Examination in Ocular Trauma Ocular Trauma Series Editor: Hua Yan, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China Ocular trauma can be a serious threat to vision, especially if not medically intervened appropriately and in a timely fashion. Immediate and accurate diagnosis and effective treatment is the key to save the eyes and visual function, as well as a great challenge to ophthalmologists, especially emergency doctors. This book series is designed to help the doctors and clinical practitioners have a thorough understanding of ophthalmic emergencies and a mastery of every details of ocular trauma. To do the best, it is required that the ER doctors have solid theoretical knowledge about the anatomy of the eye and basic skills in ophthalmic operations. For that reason, “Anatomy and examination of ocular trauma” is believed to be necessary and fundamental for this book series. Beyond this, familiarity with the emergency room and efficient protocol will be helpful for the doctors to give treatment in the first time, and it will also be an important part of this book series. Almost all the aspects and details of ocular trauma will be covered in this book series, including mechanical and non-mechanical ocular trauma. Special topics of complicated situations, such as ciliary body impairment, will also be introduced in this book series. Hopefully the readers will enjoy it and find it helpful for them to provide better care to the patients and save vision. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15621 Hua Yan Editor Anatomy and Examination in Ocular Trauma Editor Hua Yan Department of Ophthalmology Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Tianjin, China ISSN 2523-3157 ISSN 2523-3165 (electronic) Ocular Trauma ISBN 978-981-13-0067-7 ISBN 978-981-13-0068-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0068-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018956413 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Acknowledgments Dr. Yan extends his sincere thanks to the doctors in the field of ocular trauma around the world. Special thanks go to Dr. Yuanpei Zheng, Dr. Mengyu Liao, and Dr. Xinlei Zhu for providing precious visual field photos; Dr. Hanqiao Zhang and Dr. Shancheng Si for providing photos for the “Physical Examination”; and Dr. Pablo Grigera for providing the UBM pictures. v Contents Part I Anatomy 1 General Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Kang Feng, Caiyun You, and Ling Yuan 2 Ocular Structure Change and Specific Feature When Encountered with Trauma and Pearls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Hua Yan, Caiyun You, and Ling Yuan Part II Examinations 3 Visual Function Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Yun Feng and Baoqun Yao 4 Physical Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Yuntao Hu and Qihua Wang 5 Imaging Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Andrés M. Rousselot, Jing Zhang, and Huaigui Liu Part III Epidemiology and the Registration System of Ocular Trauma 6 Epidemiology of Ocular Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Kang Feng 7 The Registration System of Ocular Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Kang Feng vii Part I Anatomy 1 General Anatomy Kang Feng, Caiyun You, and Ling Yuan Abstract 1.1 Anatomy of the Eyeball A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the eyeball and the traumatic characteristics of Kang Feng each structure of the eyeball are a prerequisite for proper interpretation of long-term out- comes of mechanical eye injuries. Furthermore, 1.1.1 The Eyeball such anatomic knowledge is essential to the proper planning and safe execution of globe The normal adult globe is approximately spheri- exploration and vitreoretinal surgery. Whereas cal, with an anteroposterior diameter of the adult most knowledge of these matters is based on eye being approximately 23–25 mm (Fig. 1.1). anatomic dissections, either postmortem or Myopic eyes tend to be longer, and hyperopic during surgery, noninvasive techniques partic- eyes tend to be shorter. The radius of curvature of ularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the cornea (8 mm) is smaller than that of the ultrasonography, and optical coherence tomog- sclera (12 mm), making the shape of the globe an raphy (OCT) are increasingly providing addi- oblate spheroid (Fig. 1.2). tional information. The eyeball includes eyeball wall and eye con- tents. The outer wall of the eyeball is composed Keywords of three concentric layers. The outermost layer Cornea · Sclera · Retina · Choroid · Macula consists of the clear cornea anteriorly and the opaque white sclera posteriorly. The outermost corneoscleral layer is composed of tough and protective tissues. The middle is uvea and inner is K. Feng (*) retina. Other important surface features of the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China globe, such as the vortex veins, the posterior cili- e-mail: [email protected] ary artery and nerves, extraocular muscle inser- C. You (*) tions, and the optic nerve and its surrounding Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical meningeal sheaths, are discussed in other University General Hospital, Tianjin, China chapters. L. Yuan (*) The intraocular space contains three compart- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated ments: the anterior chamber, the posterior cham- Hospital of Kunming Medical University, ber, and the vitreous cavity. The anterior chamber, Yunnan, China e-mail: [email protected] the space between the iris and the cornea, is filled © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 3 H. Yan (ed.), Anatomy and Examination in Ocular Trauma, Ocular Trauma, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0068-4_1 4 K. Feng et al. Cornea a Iris Ciliary body Conjunctiva Sclera Choroid Retina b Canal of schlemm Pupil Cornea Iris Conjunctiva Anterior chamber Ciliary body angle Episcleral veins Pars plicata Posterior chamber Pars plana Zonule Lateral rectus Medial rectus muscle muscle Lens capsule Lens Ora serrata Choroid Retina Choroid Vortex vein Sclera Vitreous Retina Retinal pigment epithelium Macula Long ciliary artery Retinal arteriles and ciliary nerve and veins Lamina cribrosa Optic disk Arachnoid Dura Optic nerve Pia Central retinal artery and vein Fig. 1.1 (a) Layers of the globe (Adapted from [1]). (b) Internal structures of the human eye. (Adapted from [2])
The list of books you might like
