Table Of Content

I At a Glance Introduction BasicElementsofthe NervousSystem SpinalCordandSpinal Nerves BrainStemandCranial Nerves Cerebellum Diencephalon Telencephalon Cerebrovascularand VentricularSystems AutonomicNervousSystem FunctionalSystems TheEye TheEar Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. III Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IV Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy in 3 volumes Volume 1: Locomotor System by Werner Platzer Volume 2: Internal Organs by Helmut Leonhardt Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. V Volume 3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs by Werner Kahle, M.D. ProfessorEmeritus InstituteofNeurology UniversityofFrankfurt/Main Frankfurt/Main,Germany Michael Frotscher, M.D. Professor AnatomicalInstituteI UniversityofFreiburg Freiburg,Germany 5threvisededition 179colorplates IllustrationsbyGerhardSpitzer Thieme Stuttgart· NewYork Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. VI LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Someoftheproductnames,patentsandregis- Data tereddesignsreferredtointhisbookareinfact isavailablefromthepublischer registered trademarks or proprietary names eventhoughspecificreferencetothisfactisnot alwaysmadeinthetext.Therefore,theappear- 1stGermanedition1976 ance of a name without designation as pro- 2ndGermanedition1978 prietaryisnottobeconstruedasarepresenta- 3rdGermanedition1979 tion by the publisher that it is in the public 4thGermanedition1982 domain. 5thGermanedition1986 Thisbook,includingallpartsthereof,isle- 6thGermanedition1991 gallyprotectedbycopyright.Anyuse,exploita- 7thGermanedition2001 tionorcommercializationoutsidethenarrow limitssetbycopyrightlegislation,withoutthe 1stEnglishedition1978 publisher’sconsent,isillegalandliabletopros- 2ndEnglishedition1984 ecution.Thisappliesinparticulartophotostat 3rdEnglishedition1986 reproduction,copying,mimeographingordu- 4thEnglishedition1993 plicationofanykind,translating,preparationof 1stDutchedition1978 microfilms,andelectronicdataprocessingand 2ndDutchedition1981 storage. 3rdDutchedition1990 4thDutchedition2001 1stFrenchedition1979 2ndFrenchedition1993 1stGreekedition1985 1stHungarianedition1996 1stIndonesianedition1983 1stItalianedition1979 2ndItalianedition1987 3rdItalianedition2001 1stJapaneseedition1979 2ndJapaneseedition1981 3rdJapaneseedition1984 4thJapaneseedition1990 1stPolishedition1998 1stSerbo-Croatianedition1991 1stSpanishedition1977 2ndSpanishedition1988 1stTurkishedition1987 Thisbookisanauthorizedandrevisedtransla- !2003GeorgThiemeVerlag tionofthe7thGermaneditionpublishedand Rüdigerstraße14,D-70469Stuttgart,Germany copyrighted2001byGeorgThiemeVerlag, http://www.thieme.de Stuttgart,Germany. ThiemeNewYork,333SeventhAvenue, TitleoftheGermanedition:Taschenatlasder NewYork,N.Y.10001U.S.A. Anatomie,Band3:NervensystemundSinnes- http://www.thieme.com organe Coverdesign:Cyclus,Stuttgart Translatedby TypesettingbyDruckhausGötzGmbH, UrsulaVielkind,Ph.D.,C.Tran., 71636Ludwigsburg Dundas,Ontario,Canada PrintedinGermanybyAppl,Wemding ISBN3-13-533505-4(GTV) ISBN1-58890-064-9(TNY) 1 2 3 4 5 Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. VII Prefacetothe5thEditionofVolume3 Thenumberofstudentsaswellascolleaguesinthefieldwhohavelearnedneuroanatomyac- cordingtovolume3ofthecoloratlashasbeensteadilyincreasing.Kahle’stextbookhas proveditsworth.Whatshouldonedoaftertakingonthejobofcarryingonwiththistext book,otherthanleavingasmuchaspossibleasitis?However,therapidgrowthinour knowledgeofneurosciencedoesnotpermitthis.Injustthelastfewyearsmanynewdis- coverieshavebeenmadethathaveshapedthewayweviewthestructureandfunctionofthe nervoussystem.Therewasaneedforupdatingandsupplementingthisknowledge.Hence, newsectionshavebeenadded;forexample,asectiononmodernmethodsofneuroanatomy, asectiononneurotransmitterreceptors,andanintroductiontomodernimagingprocedures frequentlyusedinthehospital.TheClinicalNoteshavebeenpreservedandsupplementedin ordertoprovidealinktotheclinicalsetting.Thepurposewastoprovidethestudentnotonly withasolidknowledgeofneuroanatomybutalsowithanimportantfoundationofinterdisci- plinaryneurocience.Furthermore,thestudentisintroducedtotheclinicalaspectsofthose fieldsinwhichneuroanatomyplaysanimportantrole.Isincerelyhopethattheuseofmod- ernmulticolorprintinghasmadeitpossibletopresentthingsmoreclearlyandinamoreuni- formway.Thus,sensorypathwaysarenowalwayspresentedinblue,motorpathwaysinred, paraympatheticfibersingreen,andsympatheticfibersinyellow. IwishtothankfirstandforemostProfessorGerhardSpitzerandStephanSpitzerwhotook chargeofthegrapicdesignofthecoloratlasandprovidedtheirenormousexperiencealsofor thepresentedition.IthankProfessorJürgenHennigandhisco-workersattheradiodiagnos- ticdivisionoftheMedicalSchooloftheAlbertLudwigUniversityofFreiburg,Germany,for theirhelpwiththenewsectiononimagingprocedures.Lastbutnotleast,Iwouldliketo thankDr.AndréDieselwhotookgreatcareinscreeningthetextforlackofclarityandwho contributedsignificantlytothecolorschemeofthefigures,alwellasmysecretary,Mrs. ReginaHummel,forherhelpwithmakingthemanycorrections.MythanksgoalsotoMrs. MarianneMauchandDr.JürgenLüthjeatThiemeVerlag,Stuttgart,fortheirgenerousadvice andtheirpatience. MichaelFrotscher Fall2002 Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IX Contents TheNervousSystem ..................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................. 1 TheNervousSystem—AnOverall DevelopmentandStructureofthe View .............................. 2 Brain .............................. 6 DevelopmentandSubdivision .... 2 DevelopmentoftheBrain ......... 6 FunctionalCircuits................ 2 AnatomyoftheBrain ............. 8 PositionoftheNervousSystemin EvolutionoftheBrain ............. 14 theBody ......................... 4 BasicElementsoftheNervousSystem ...................................... 17 TheNerveCell ..................... 18 TheNerveFiber .................... 36 MethodsinNeuroanatomy ........ 20 UltrastructureoftheMyelin UltrastructureoftheNerveCell ... 22 Sheath .......................... 36 DevelopmentoftheMyelinSheath TheSynapse ....................... 24 inthePNS........................ 38 Localization ...................... 24 DevelopmentofUnmyelinated Structure ........................ 24 NerveFibers ..................... 38 Function ......................... 24 StructureoftheMyelinSheathin TypesofSynapses ................ 26 theCNS .......................... 38 Neurotransmitters ................ 26 PeripheralNerve ................. 40 AxonalTransport ................. 28 TransmitterReceptors ............ 30 Neuroglia.......................... 42 SynapticTransmission ............ 30 BloodVessels ...................... 44 NeuronalSystems.................. 32 NeuronalCircuits ................. 34 SpinalCordandSpinalNerves ............................................... 47 Overview .......................... 48 DescendingPathways ............. 58 VisualizationofPathways ......... 58 TheSpinalCord .................... 50 BloodVesselsoftheSpinalCord ... 60 Structure ........................ 50 SpinalGanglionandPosterior ReflexArcs ....................... 50 Root ............................ 62 GraySubstanceandIntrinsic SpinalMeninges .................. 64 System .......................... 52 SegmentalInnervation ............ 66 CrossSectionsoftheSpinalCord .. 54 SpinalCordSyndromes ........... 68 AscendingPathways .............. 56 Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.