Anatomia Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy Volume 3 2003 Thieme PDF
Preview Anatomia Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy Volume 3 2003 Thieme
I At a Glance Introduction Basic Elements of the Nervous System Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves Cerebellum Diencephalon Telencephalon Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems Autonomic Nervous System Functional Systems The Eye The Ear Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. III Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IV Color Atlas and Textbook of Human Anatomy in 3 volumes Volume 1: Locomotor System by Werner Platzer Volume 2: Internal Organs by Helmut Leonhardt Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. V Thieme Stuttgart · New York Volume 3 Nervous System and Sensory Organs by Werner Kahle, M.D. Professor Emeritus Institute of Neurology University of Frankfurt/Main Frankfurt/Main, Germany Michael Frotscher, M.D. Professor Anatomical Institute I University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany 5th revised edition 179 color plates Illustrations by Gerhard Spitzer Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. VI Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the publischer 1st German edition 1976 2nd German edition 1978 3rd German edition 1979 4th German edition 1982 5th German edition 1986 6th German edition 1991 7th German edition 2001 1st English edition 1978 2nd English edition 1984 3rd English edition 1986 4th English edition 1993 1st Dutch edition 1978 2nd Dutch edition 1981 3rd Dutch edition 1990 4th Dutch edition 2001 1st French edition 1979 2nd French edition 1993 1st Greek edition 1985 1st Hungarian edition 1996 1st Indonesian edition 1983 1st Italian edition 1979 2nd Italian edition 1987 3rd Italian edition 2001 1st Japanese edition 1979 2nd Japanese edition 1981 3rd Japanese edition 1984 4th Japanese edition 1990 1st Polish edition 1998 1st Serbo-Croatian edition 1991 1st Spanish edition 1977 2nd Spanish edition 1988 1st Turkish edition 1987 This book is an authorized and revised transla- tion of the 7th German edition published and copyrighted 2001 by Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of the German edition: Taschenatlas der Anatomie, Band 3: Nervensystem und Sinnes- organe Translated by Ursula Vielkind, Ph. D., C. Tran., Dundas, Ontario, Canada Some of the product names, patents and regis- tered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appear- ance of a name without designation as pro- prietary is not to be construed as a representa- tion by the publisher that it is in the public domain. This book, including all parts thereof, is le- gally protected by copyright. Any use, exploita- tion or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation, without the publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to pros- ecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or du- plication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage. � 2003 Georg Thieme Verlag Rüdigerstraße 14, D-70469 Stuttgart, Germany http://www.thieme.de Thieme New York, 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10001 U.S.A. http://www.thieme.com Cover design: Cyclus, Stuttgart Typesetting by Druckhaus Götz GmbH, 71636 Ludwigsburg Printed in Germany by Appl, Wemding ISBN 3-13-533505-4 (GTV) ISBN 1-58890-064-9 (TNY) 1 2 3 4 5 Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. VII Preface to the 5th Edition of Volume 3 The number of students as well as colleagues in the field who have learned neuroanatomy ac- cording to volume 3 of the color atlas has been steadily increasing. Kahle’s textbook has proved its worth. What should one do after taking on the job of carrying on with this text book, other than leaving as much as possible as it is? However, the rapid growth in our knowledge of neuroscience does not permit this. In just the last few years many new dis- coveries have been made that have shaped the way we view the structure and function of the nervous system. There was a need for updating and supplementing this knowledge. Hence, new sections have been added; for example, a section on modern methods of neuroanatomy, a section on neurotransmitter receptors, and an introduction to modern imaging procedures frequently used in the hospital. The Clinical Notes have been preserved and supplemented in order to provide a link to the clinical setting. The purpose was to provide the student not only with a solid knowledge of neuroanatomy but also with an important foundation of interdisci- plinary neurocience. Furthermore, the student is introduced to the clinical aspects of those fields in which neuroanatomy plays an important role. I sincerely hope that the use of mod- ern multicolor printing has made it possible to present things more clearly and in a more uni- form way. Thus, sensory pathways are now always presented in blue, motor pathways in red, paraympathetic fibers in green, and sympathetic fibers in yellow. I wish to thank first and foremost Professor Gerhard Spitzer and Stephan Spitzer who took charge of the grapic design of the color atlas and provided their enormous experience also for the present edition. I thank Professor Jürgen Hennig and his co-workers at the radiodiagnos- tic division of the Medical School of the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany, for their help with the new section on imaging procedures. Last but not least, I would like to thank Dr. André Diesel who took great care in screening the text for lack of clarity and who contributed significantly to the color scheme of the figures, al well as my secretary, Mrs. Regina Hummel, for her help with making the many corrections. My thanks go also to Mrs. Marianne Mauch and Dr. Jürgen Lüthje at Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, for their generous advice and their patience. Michael Frotscher Fall 2002 Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. IX Contents The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Nervous System—An Overall View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Development and Subdivision . . . . 2 Functional Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Position of the Nervous System in the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Development and Structure of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Development of the Brain . . . . . . . . . 6 Anatomy of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Evolution of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Basic Elements of the Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Nerve Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Methods in Neuroanatomy . . . . . . . . 20 Ultrastructure of the Nerve Cell . . . 22 The Synapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Types of Synapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Neurotransmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Axonal Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Transmitter Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Synaptic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Neuronal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Neuronal Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 The Nerve Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ultrastructure of the Myelin Sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Development of the Myelin Sheath in the PNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Development of Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Structure of the Myelin Sheath in the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Peripheral Nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Neuroglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 The Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Reflex Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Gray Substance and Intrinsic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord . . 54 Ascending Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Descending Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Visualization of Pathways . . . . . . . . . 58 Blood Vessels of the Spinal Cord . . . 60 Spinal Ganglion and Posterior Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Spinal Meninges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Segmental Innervation . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Spinal Cord Syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Kahle, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 3 © 2003 Thieme All rights reserved. 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